In the high tech age of today, business are lookin Essay Example For Students

In the innovative period of today, business are lookin Essay MIAg for better approaches to grow and get their items out to the market. We as of now have numerous laws and associations that urge this and attempt to assist the partnerships. NAFTA, GATT, WTO and EECU are good to go up in view of partnerships. We are on the whole taking a stab at a free market economy with the goal that everybody gets an opportunity however what dangers will that force on the purchaser. That is the place the MAI comes in. The Multinational Agreement of Investors is attempting to go after The MAI has been being talked about since 1995. It began as a thought in the WTO and when a portion of the littler nations dismissed it, it went to the Economic Cooperation and Development. This association is comprised of the 29 wealthiest nations which are home to 95% of the best 500 partnerships. This new understanding is exceptionally solid and that is the reason it is as yet being held up in the conversation stage. On the off chance that it comes genuine it will permit compan ies to manufacture anyplace and make what they need that they feel that they can sell. it will likewise let the corps. move legislative center all the more unreservedly. The principle perspective for this is it will dispose of separation of the enterprises nationality. The defeats are that it enables the enterprises to suegovernment of the nation that it is in if the partnership feels that its entitlement to make benefit is being hurt. his comes as a major issue since then the company no longer needs to stress over doing things a specific route as long as they bring in cash. This leaves the individuals in the state defenseless against their contamination and evaluating power. Starting at now this understanding is as yet being held up in light of the fact that France and Canada dropped out of the conversations because of the enormous Non-Government Organizations that are fighting the MAI. Different nations are attempting to restore it since they think over the long haul it will be helpful as we globolize are economies more. I am extremely happy that the MAI is being held up the present moment. I feel that letting a company become its own sovereign state is going to far. I need to have my offer in bringing in cash yet it is as yet critical to regard others accepts and that is the thing that the MAI doesn't do. In the event that that got passed I feel that we would at long last have a free market economy and that it would squash everything. List of sources:

Ellen Foster :: essays research papers

At ten years old, most youngsters are subject to their folks for everything in their lives requiring a lot of consideration and care. In any case, Ellen, the primary character and hero of the novel Ellen Foster, embodies a generous measure of autonomy and develop, levelheaded idea as a ten-year-old young lady. The ongoing demise of her mom sends her on a mission for the perfect family, or anyplace her dad, who had demonstrated lack of care to both she and her delicate mother, was definitely not. Kaye Gibbons’ utilization of basic word usage, plain exchange, and a remarkable story structure in her first novel, Ellen Foster, permits the peruser to investigate the feelings and considerations of this courageous, ten-year-old young lady displayed after Gibbons’ own encounters as a little youngster. 	Kaye Gibbons’ encounters as a kid are the establishments for this stunning adventure of a youthful girl’s shocking recollections of her adolescence. As with Ellen, Gibbons’ guardians both passed on before she was twelve-years of age framing the premise of the plot and subjects of this novel. The affectionate recollections she had of her mom and the unforgiving ones of her dad are reflected in the considerations and activities of Ellen. The oversimplified and humble demeanor that the two Gibbons and Ellen typify in the novel is depicted through word usage and exchange all through the novel permits the crowd to increase a superior comprehension and individual empathy for both the character and creator. 	The tale is written in a short, uneven sentence structure utilizing straightforward word decision, or lingual authority, in a continuous flow to empower the peruser to see the novel in the normal of an eleven-year-old young lady. One short, straightforward sentence is trailed by another , relating each in a simple progression of considerations. Gibbons permits this surge of considerations to again accentuate the puerile impression of life’s most prominent disasters. For instance, Gibbons utilizes the basic lingual authority and continuous flow as Ellen looks herself for the genuine individual she is. Gibbons utilizes this to show the peruser how Ellen is a normal young lady who appreciates everything typical youngsters relish and to differentiate the credulous clarity of the sentences to the profundity of the originations which Ellen has such an oversimplified method of clarifying. 	Gibbons’ and Ellen’s nerve racking past is connected in the novel through Ellen’s inward considerations and the exchange between characters. Be that as it may, when Ellen banters with different characters, Gibbons decided not to utilize quotes or then again any of the conventional techniques for reporting discourse between characters; she Ellen Foster :: expositions look into papers At ten years old, most youngsters are reliant on their folks for everything in their lives requiring a lot of consideration and care. Be that as it may, Ellen, the fundamental character and hero of the novel Ellen Foster, embodies a generous measure of freedom and develop, discerning idea as a ten-year-old young lady. The ongoing demise of her mom sends her on a journey for the perfect family, or anyplace her dad, who had demonstrated lack of concern to both she and her delicate mother, was definitely not. Kaye Gibbons’ utilization of basic word usage, plain exchange, and a one of a kind story structure in her first novel, Ellen Foster, permits the peruser to investigate the feelings and considerations of this chivalrous, ten-year-old young lady demonstrated after Gibbons’ own encounters as a little youngster. 	Kaye Gibbons’ encounters as a kid are the establishments for this stunning adventure of a youthful girl’s unfortunate recollections of her adolescence. As with Ellen, Gibbons’ guardians both kicked the bucket before she was twelve-years of age shaping the premise of the plot and subjects of this novel. The affectionate recollections she had of her mom and the cruel ones of her dad are reflected in the contemplations and activities of Ellen. The oversimplified and humble disposition that the two Gibbons and Ellen typify in the novel is depicted through word usage and discourse all through the novel permits the crowd to increase a superior comprehension and individual empathy for both the character and creator. 	The tale is written in a short, uneven sentence structure utilizing basic word decision, or lingual authority, in a continuous flow to empower the peruser to see the novel in the objective of an eleven-year-old young lady. One short, straightforward sentence is trailed by another , relating each in a simple progression of musings. Gibbons permits this surge of considerations to again accentuate the adolescent view of life’s most noteworthy catastrophes. For instance, Gibbons utilizes the basic style and continuous flow as Ellen looks herself for the genuine individual she is. Gibbons utilizes this to show the peruser how Ellen is a normal young lady who appreciates everything typical kids relish and to differentiate the guileless clarity of the sentences to the profundity of the originations which Ellen has such an oversimplified method of clarifying. 	Gibbons’ and Ellen’s nerve racking past is connected in the novel through Ellen’s inward contemplations and the discourse between characters. Be that as it may, when Ellen speaks with different characters, Gibbons decided not to utilize quotes or then again any of the proper techniques for recording discourse between characters; she

How Are Headaches and Stress Connected

How Are Headaches and Stress Connected Stress Management Effects on Health Print How Are Headaches and Stress Connected? By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Shaheen Lakhan, MD, PhD, FAAN on February 01, 2020 Shaheen Lakhan, MD, PhD, is an award-winning physician-scientist and clinical development specialist. Learn about our Medical Review Board Shaheen Lakhan, MD, PhD, FAAN Updated on February 18, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living JGI/Jamie Grill/Blend Images/Getty Images If stressful events seem to give you a headache, youre not alone. Many people suffer from headaches that appear to be triggered or exacerbated by stress. But is there a real link? and if so, what is it? Heres what you need to know. Are Headaches Caused by Stress? Many people may wonder if headaches are a direct result of stress. The answer is yes, no, and maybe. Stress can cause many headaches and they can exacerbate others. However, knowing the type of headache you are dealing with can help you to know if stress is a trigger, a contributor, or simply a by-product of the type of headache you are experiencing, so you know the best ways to focus on pain relief and prevention. While some headaches are blamed entirely on stress, there can be other factors at play as well; likewise, some headaches can be blamed on a predisposition to headaches when stress can be a primary trigger. In all cases, it helps to understand more about the nature of the headaches you are experiencing and their relationship to stress. There are three different types of headaches, two of which are not caused primarily by stress, and one that may be: Migraine Headaches: Headaches associated with migraines can be severe and even debilitating, and can last from four to 72 hours.?? These headaches are usually on one side of the head (unilateral) and worsen with daily activities like walking around. There can be nausea or sensitivity to light and sound involved, and sometimes an aura. They are not thought to be directly caused by stressâ€"sort of. While the National Headache Foundation (NHF) states that stress is not a migraine trigger, headache expert Teri Robert clarifies by saying, “Stress alone doesnt trigger migraines but it does make us more susceptible to our triggers.” So, in a way, stress increases migraines  but isn’t mentioned as a direct cause.Secondary Headaches: This is the umbrella under which fall all headaches are caused by more serious conditions such as brain tumors and strokes. They are also not directly caused by stress. Although, in the same way, that stress makes us more susceptible to illness, and those illnesses can cause headaches, stress is indirectly related to secondary headaches.Tension Headaches: These headaches, also called “stress headaches,” are experienced periodically by more than one-third of adults. They involve both sides of the head and generally feel like a tightness in the forehead or back of the neck. They’re not generally debilitating; people with tension headaches can normally go about their regular activities. Those who experience them usually don’t have them more than once or twice a month, to varying degrees.?? And, as the name suggests, they are thought to be directly caused by stress. Managing and Preventing Headaches Because the majority of headaches experienced by adults are tension headaches, and these headaches are caused (at least in part) by stress, a great proportion of these headaches can be avoided or at least minimized with effective stress management techniques. Additionally, because stress can make migraine sufferers more susceptible to their migraine triggers, stress relief techniques can help avoid many of these severe headaches as well.?? And, finally, because stress management techniques can strengthen the immune system (or keep it from being weakened by stress), those who practice regular stress management techniques can avoid at least some potential secondary headaches by avoiding the health conditions that cause them. When to See a Doctor Aside from the use of stress management techniques, many people find that over-the-counter stress relievers are also very helpful. However, particularly with migraines, heavier medications may prove to be more useful. And because some headaches can be associated with more serious health conditions, it’s important to see a doctor if you have severe headaches or if you just suspect that something may be significantly wrong.?? Either way, stress management can be helpful, but if youre concerned about your headaches and they interfere with your daily activities or you seem to need more help than stress management alone, its always a good idea to run things by your doctor to be sure there are no serious issues at play, or to find the help you need to be more comfortable in your daily life.

A Critical Review of the Book Its Not Luck by Em Goldratt...

A Critical Review of the Book Its Not Luck by Em Goldratt An extensive use of Goldratts thinking process is applied in the various businesses as part of the problem solving. Its not luck emphasizes the importance of using the thinking processes in business and in your personal life. The thinking processes refer to a logical, graphical, general and practical method of problem solving methodology and basically comprised of 3 steps. These steps as described by Goldratt are: 1. What to change? 2. To what to change? 3. How to cause the change? It is very clear that the problems experienced in the companies are not lone standing but in most of the cases they are dependent on each other and there are strong bonds or relationships with†¦show more content†¦According to Goldratt the process starts by listing all the current undesirable effects that exists. Taylor (2003) states that the current reality tree does not focus on the severity or the ranking but on the effect-cause-effect relationships of the list of UDEs. The next step is to find a cause and affect relationship between at least 2 of the undesirable effects that form part of the list. When the relationships are completely mapped, it is possible to identify the one core reason or problem that was under control of the facility. It is clear from the current reality tree that the core problem reflected managers are using local optima Goldratt, (p.158). It is evident that managers are in a conflicting position that is preventing them from doing the things that is right for the business. In order to correct this, it is imperative to clarify what the right thing to do is and what prevent them to do the right thing. The answer to the ‘breakthrough solution must be strived for. One of the conflicts that stood out in the examples was consider the clients perception of value versus consider the suppliers perception of value. In order for managers to conclude good decisions they must consider the need to get enough sales. Goldratt (p.160). This must be the mindset of managers not only on top levels, but on all levels. Furthermore, managers must make decisions and act upon the clients perception of value before they canShow MoreRelatedCritical Review of Its Not Luck3315 Words   |  14 PagesWrite a critical revi ew of the book Its not Luck by EM Goldratt from an operations strategy perspective. The emphasis of your review should be on principles of good operations strategy and should NOT just be a summary of the book. Table of Contents 1. Preface 3 2. Introduction to Business Strategy and its Operations Strategy 3 3. Levels of Strategy 4 4. Executive Summary of Its Not Luck 6 5. Principles of Operations Strategy 7 6. Conclusion 9 7. References 10 1. Preface

The Economics of the French and American Revolution Essay

The American and French Revolutions were profoundly motivated by economics. Prior to the Revolution, British colonies in America were thriving. Colonists paid fairly few taxes and were permitted to participate in domestic economic activity, granted they adhere to the Navigation Act, an act requiring, â€Å"that all trade within the empire be conducted on ships which were constructed, owned and largely manned by British citizens. Certain enumerated goods whether exported or imported by the colonies had to be shipped through England regardless of the final port of destination.† (Baack) Its mother country however, was not analogous. England’s debt had nearly doubled due to their victory over France during the 7 Year War and was frantically†¦show more content†¦Citizens were not permitted to vote as individuals. Instead one vote was given to each of the three estates, the clergy (first), aristocrats (second), and everyone else excluded from the first two, who w ere most commonly peasants and the working class (third) (Roberts et al. 646). Unsurprisingly, the Third Estate was outvoted and citizens within became furious. They, â€Å"†¦insisted that those who worked [for low wages] and pay taxes were the nation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Roberts et al. 646) Shortly afterward, the National Assembly was born and was determined to take France’s future into its own (Belloc, 93). The Revolutions became very different throughout the courses of each. Britain, no doubt was in a better position to fund the war. Firstly, Britain was an established country with a tax system that had proven to produce revenue. Secondly, it could afford to generate more debt to fund the war. America however, was only beginning to set up a government of its own. Although they had a Congress in place, the Articles of Confederation didn’t allow it to tax colonists and without income, it was difficult for Congress to borrow money or replace what they were spending on the war. Despite this, Congress did not receive any voluntary payments from the states. In fact, each state began producing their own currencies to make up for the lack of money; so many different forms of currency were competing with the true currency, the continental dollar. BritainShow MoreRelatedComparing and Contrasting the American and French Revolutions805 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution b egan for two reasons: political and economic, while the French Revolution began with domination and mismanagement that contributed to the French society. During the Revolution many events occurred having a major effect, such as the sugar act, currency act, and the Townshend act. The French began the Tennis Court Oath, the Storming of the Bastille, and the overthrown of Monarchy. The French Revolution followed in suit with the American Revolution, because the French were inRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1294 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical and social causes of the French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 13 billion dollars on the American’s Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. I will discuss how conflicts around the world affect one another, give a brief history of the French Revolution, and explain how the revolution was fueled by an economic conflict. The French Revolution was arguably one of the mostRead MorePolitical Change : The American And French Revolutions And The Civil Rights Movement968 Words   |  4 Pagessocial movement or revolution. If the citizens of a country feel that they are being treated unjustly by their rulers, and the rulers think that their ways of governing are satisfactory then a discord is struck and conflict arises between them (Study blue). The main causes of this discord are mostly social issues such as hunger, racism, climate change etc. and/or economic issues like unemployment, poverty, inflation (Study blue). The people frustrated by these social and economic issues trigger movementsRead MoreEssay On The French Revolution And American Revolution1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe American and French Revolutions are both unforgettable historical events that have made a substantial and severe impact on the present-day society. The American Revolution was an influential time period, lasting from 1774-1783 , where the 13 British colonies in the Americas rebelled against the rule of Great Britain for independence. The French Revolution was a period of chaos from 1789 to 1799, where the people of France tried to overthrow their monarchy, King Louis XVI. Both of these RevolutionsRead MoreThe Major Causes Of The French Revolution798 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution paved the way for liberty and equality for the country of France. In order for this to happen, France had to eliminate some major obstacles including King Louis XVI. The problems in France ultimately resulted in a rebellion. Though the American Revolution provided a model of rebellion for revolution in France, the major concepts of the Enlightenment joined with the struggle of the bourgeoisie against the nobility to fuel the revolution; the new ideas included equality, leadershipRead MoreFrench Revolution754 Words   |  4 PagesFrench Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many caus es that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, execution of kingRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1184 Words   |  5 PagesA revolution is not an event that comes around every few years. In fact, for an event to be considered a revolution that event must bring about significant political, social, ideological, religious or even technological change. Throughout history there have been some very noteworthy revolutions such as the Agricultural Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution. Of all the revolutions in history, it is perhaps the French Revolution that remains the most romanticized in the mindsRead MoreComparing the French Revolution and the American Revolution Essay example857 Words   |  4 Pages The French and American revolutions are both very significant in the world’s history. The American Revolution happened first, around the last half of the 18th century where the Thirteen Colonies became the United States of America, and gained independence from the British Empire. The French revolution on the other hand, was from 1789 until the turn of the century 1799. For the French people this was a period of political and social turmoil. The idea of Enlightenment stuck a large populationRead MoreThe French Revolution Essay590 Words   |  3 PagesThe French Revolution The French Revolution last from 1789 to 1799. This war had many causes that began the revolution. Its causes ranged from the American Revolution, the economic crisis in France, social injustices to the immediate causes like the fall of Bastille, the Convening of he Estate-General, and the Great Fear. As a result of this revolution there many effects , immediate and long term. The immediate effects were the declaration of rights of man, abolishing of olds reign, execution

The product proposal for enhancing and re-designing a chef’s uniform Free Essays

Abstract The following paper presents a proposal for the project of enhancing and re-designing a chef’s uniform as a product. It summarizes the project proposal providing clear highlights on the ethos of the new available designs, involved technologies and the garment geometry techniques with the purpose of preparing, developing and creating a new garment afterwards. The production description segment presents the novel features of the end product. We will write a custom essay sample on The product proposal for enhancing and re-designing a chef’s uniform or any similar topic only for you Order Now In conclusion, the paper presents recommendations on the best methods for the successful implementation of the product giving validating the benefits of enhancing and re-designing a chef’s uniform Introduction Traditionally, the conventional clothing for chefs comprised of either an apron, a jacket with a button closure or even a pair of trousers with suspenders (Kadolph, 2010). However, the kitchen apparel has being experiencing various changes to adopt more attractive and comfortable attires. With the continued need for comfort in the kitchen, clothing’s that conform well to the body of the wearer have being developed. Summary of the product proposal Research done on this study reveals that the target market for this product could appreciate a new and advanced product (Textile Intelligence Limited, 2011). The proposed product will possess a high end fashion description, consumer protection qualities and comfort as well as generate a well groomed appearance of the chef. The clothing will be well designed to protect the cook from cold from the varying temperatures experienced in the kitchen. The product to be launched will use an anti-bacterial fabric to reduce body odour and bacterial action in order to stay clean. The technology to be used in the production process will apply cooling mesh fabric to pull moisture away from skin and allow air to move in and out to body in order to keep cool in the hot kitchen while redesign the chef attire to look more professional and have multifunction on it. All these and other advantages related to the proposed new product are demonstrated in the following product description. Product description The proposed new uniform will comprise of a collared jacket and pair of trousers matching the head-wear. The clothing will be made using an advanced cosmotextile material made using the latest CAD/CAM technologies to provide the wearer with a combination of both cosmetics and textile at the same time (Cohen, A.2011). These materials have a greater edge as compared to the rest in the market citing the promotional factors of aromatherapy and plug-in air fresheners associated with them. The final garment will be achieved through the application of advanced material joining technologies for an attractive end product. The garments will be available in all adult sizes. The jackets will be white in colour while the trousers will be well furnished with a black and white checker pattern. The jacket will have two neck bands coordinating the neck part. However, the neck band will not be permanently attached to the jacket. The chest part of the jacket will have a shirt furnished to it but will not be showing. Big black buttons will be disposed in two rows to adorn the front side of the jacket. The trousers will have some De formed pockets with loop fasteners and hooks furnished on to them. The end product will be realized using the current and emerging technologies in relation to garment generation. The geometry of the end product will comprise of two zones; the fit zone and the fashion zone. The fit zone will be generated from a 3D body scan data of all possible and available adult sizes. The advantage of this model is that it the garment can be re-sized parametrically. On the other hand, the fashion zone will include modeling using certain parameters of the desired end product. The following drawings provide a clearer understanding of the intended invention. FIG 1FIG 2 FIG 3 (Source: uniformstudio.com) The neckerchief will be black in color. This will be worn shawl like around the neck and tucked inside the jacket. However, the neckerchief will be worn when gracing special occasions and therefore will not be a compulsory element of the chef’s uniform. The following picture depicts the desired image of a chef spotting the new uniform. Fig 4 (Source: uniformstudio.com) Product evaluation Ad –check and Ad-track methods will be employed as follow up techniques to monitor the performance and success of the product after implementation. This will provide timely feedbacks for corrective measure to be taken (Wulfhorst, B et al. 2006). This will also help in yielding and generating strategy flow curves for the new product in the market. Conclusion and recommendations The above findings are true evidence that the conventional chefs outfit are being faced out by new fashion trends being introduced in the kitchen apparel of today. However, it is very important to first study the market well before engaging in the process of developing a new chef’s uniform. First of all, the new uniform must conform to the requirements of all the relevant authorities involved in the regulation of this industry (Kim and Park, 1989). This report supports a recommendation by Textile Intelligence Limited on the usage of non-scented cosmotextile materials in the manufacture of chefs’ uniform. There are various benefits associated with using these materials as opposed to other materials. First, using this material will eliminate the need of the wearer to use body lotions reducing the amount of scent in the kitchen area. These materials are also known to moisturize the skin and tone the body while soothing the senses hence, providing the garment wearer a comf ortable and refreshing feeling during work. Also, the medicinal, antimicrobial, insect repelling and Ultraviolet properties associated with the materials edges them from other available materials for the manufacture of chef’s attires. References Culinary Institute of America. 2012. The Chef’s uniform. CarlifoniA. California UP. Cohen, A.2011. J.J. Pizzuto’s Fabric Science Swatch Kit (10th ed). London: Fairchild Publications Kim, S. and Park, K. 1989. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology. Emeral Publishing Press Karmakar. 1999. Textile Science and Technology. Netherlands: Elsevier Publications Kadolph. S. 2010. Textiles (11th ed). New York. Prentice Hall Stone. E. 2008. The Dynamics of Fashion (3rd Ed). London: Fairchild Publications Textile Intelligence Limited. 2011. Cosmetotextiles wearable body. Available online from www.textilesintelligence.com Retrieved 28th, November 2012. Winks, J. M. 1997. Clothing Sizes: International standardization. London: Textile Institute publication. Wulfhorst, B et al. 2006. Textile Technology. London: Hanser Publications How to cite The product proposal for enhancing and re-designing a chef’s uniform, Essay examples

Whitmans Masculinity and Femininity in Song of Myself Essay Example

Whitmans Masculinity and Femininity in Song of Myself Paper All Whitmans poems, not merely the Children of Adam poems and the Calamus poems, are love poems of blatant sexuality and amativeness, which was frightening to some of those who read and liked him and was a real bugbear to those who charged him with writing filthi without bothering to read them. However, sex, this rejuvenation or rebirth or new life is taken by Whitman as a proof of the affirmative and ascending nature of Gods world and of humanity itself. Sex is not something debasing or something to be whispered about behind the hand, but deserving the highest celebration. In Song of Myself, masculinity and femininity, the two components of sex, are chanted by Whitman; and whats further, Whitman brings together these two seemingly polar opposites and synthesizes them to form a new wholeness at a higher level where he unlocks his own inner reality and truth. As a start, it is essential to list some of the apparently opposite concepts that are such an integral part of all the poetry of Whitman. Group 1: arrogant, activity, day, sun, life, body and adhesiveness; group 2: docility, passivity, night, moon, death, soul and amativeness. All of the words in group 1 relate to masculinity and those in group 2 to femininity. Strangely, the words in the two groups are not opposite at all in Whitmans poetry, as they would be with most poets; instead, they are dual aspects of a new cosmic self. Whitman is attracted to energy-drawn by its glorious, magnetic charge, which is evidenced in all his poetry. Since reproduction is the prime energizing force in the universe, it would be impossible for Whitman to neglect its power. We will write a custom essay sample on Whitmans Masculinity and Femininity in Song of Myself specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Whitmans Masculinity and Femininity in Song of Myself specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Whitmans Masculinity and Femininity in Song of Myself specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Song of Myself, masculinity is explicitly depicted: it was the sweating, muscular laborers, not the pale bank clerk that hold Whitmans attention and love. He sings for the carpenter, the pilot, the blacksmith; sings for their strong arms, grimy and heavy chest and their sexual bodies. As well, masculine heroism can find its great expression in Song of Myself: Whitman imagines himself as a mashed fireman, exhausted but not so unhappy; as old artillerist against the attacking cannons, mortars, and howitzers. And further research will reveal that, all these masculine and aggressive elements within Whitmans descriptions relate to Whitmans own image. It was Whitman himself in his unsigned review of Leaves of Grass who depicted its author as one of the roughs, large, proud, affectionate, eating, drinking, and breeding. Clearly, in all these masculinities, there was always a bit of dandy in Whitman and a rather formidable streak of Narcissismiii. Actually, Whitman was in love with the masculine image of himself; and it is the feminine elements of his being, at the very core of his making-up, hold this love. Moreover, penetrating into these masculine physique and vitality, it exposes that Whitmans inner nature is primarily passive and feminine, which might explain why he becomes ecstatic when he describes the masculinity of energetic men, typically, in Section 12 of Song of Myself where the poet is describing the blacksmiths: The lithe sheer of their waists plays even with their massive arms. Besides the firm masculinity and heroism, there are also many instances in Song of Myself where Whitman tends to view himself as Christ. In section 10, the poet is sheltering a run-away slave and showing his democratic (Christ like) brotherly love: Though the swung half-door of the kitchen I saw him limps and weak,/And went where he sat on a log, and led him in and assured him,/ And brought water and filled a tub for his sweated body and bruised feet /I had him sit next to me at table-my firelock leaned in his corner. In section 48, he declares, In the faces of men and women, I see God, and in my own face in the glass. Whereas Christ was masculine in his courage, in his rebellion against the established order, and in his stoical attitude at his crucifixion, Whitman is also feminine in his passive humility, in his tender compassion and love for others and in his ability to calm and to take care of others. A third expression of masculinity is his boastful tone and his masculine outflo w of his innermost feeling. When Whitman speaks in Song of Myself as the cosmic I, as distinct from the personal I, he seldom writes, I said or I think or I state. Like Emerson, he does not qualify and hedge in his statements. He asserts. Few poets who have written in the English language have used the active, concrete verbs with such boldness and artistic excellence. The assertions of Whitman are far too grandiose to be contained by the standard verse forms of his day or to be restrained by rhyme or regular meter. And because Whitman is a spontaneous me rather than an intellectualized me, he must sing, or chant, or carol, as he rises and falls from peaks of ecstasy. His message is not intellectual; it is anti-intellectual; it is not moral; it flows beyond and beneath morality into a beautiful and loving amorality. It springs from a feeling, a fusion, and an accompanying certitude that is at the very core of his being. It is made possible because he is the reconciler of apparent opposites (masculinity and femininity), which are, when properly understood, not opposite at all. iv Therefore, in this stage, it is safe to conclude that, behind all the masculinities he chants in his muscularly assertive tone, Whitmans inner nature is primarily passive and feminine. Because He is an absorber, who receives and accepts all into himself. He is a Cosmic Eye who searches out and seizes all, a Cosmic Sponge who absorbs and contains all. v And after the process of absorption, the poet becomes a translator, I wish I could translate the hints about the dead young men and women. What occurs in Whitmans translation is that he accepts the peculiar and concrete as symbolic or representative-a gigantic beauty of a stallion-and then quickly fuses the particular into a cosmic view where it is elevated and submerged in deeper meanings far beyond its own limitations. vi While the masculine elements Whitman extols, explores and glorifies in Song of Myself is in a variety of its implications-firm muscularity, heroism, and the democratic (Christ like) concept of brotherly love, femininity in this poem is of a very special kind. Women of the ultra feminine, dainty and charming type are totally absent in Whitmans verse. Instead, women in Whitmans poetry are glorified for their masculine strength rather than their feminine delicacy; they are mostly down-trodden and among the laboring classes: females he sings for in Song of Myself are the prostitute draggling her shawl, her bonnet bobs on her tipsy and pimpled neck. and the clean-haired Yankee girl working with her sewing-machine, or in the factory or mill. Another female image in Whitmans poetry is mothers and mothers of mothers. Whitman obviously has an enduring and tremendous respect and praise for them. His deification of motherhood is apparently in section 21 of Song of Myself, And I say there is nothing greater than the mother of men. This veneration for motherhood is understandable, because Whitman owns warm feelings for his own mother and motherhood is the visible evidence of procreation-the force that is vital to life and to his poetry. Such unordinary femininity, for one reason, may be a result of Whitmans widely known homosexuality: as is deduced from his relationships with Sergeant Thomas P. Sawyer and Peter Doyle, Whitman was homosexual and played a passive and dependent role in his unusual instances. Thus, torn apart by these deeply felt emotional attachments, Whitman always appreciates the masculinity of women and is naturally afraid of these very feminine women, because they are rivals for his subconscious love objects. However, a further examination within a wider social background will show Whitmans homosexuality is only a superficial reason for this particular femininity. The decades of the 1850s was the most creative period in Whitmans life and it was also the highlights of the national movement of womens rights. Whitman felt great sympathy, affection, and admiration for the feminists, such as Chilton and Menken; he encouraged them to struggle for womens equal rights to men. Thus, it can be understood that, by depicting women in such a masculine image, Whitman, does not mean to represent them as D. W. Lawrence commented on Leaves of Grasses: muscles and wombs, they need not have had face at all; rather, it is a cosmic or leveling effect Whitman achieves by not making distinction; the masculine image of women actually is a reference which holds the women just as great as the men; and the mother the melodious character of the earth, the finish beyond which philosophy cannot go and does not wish to go. vii To sum up, in Song of Myself, Whitman deals with both the active masculinity and passive femininity and unites them to unveil his cosmic self. The reason that this fusion, the wellspring of his poetry is so complete, so candid, and so persistently exciting is that both the passive (feminine) and the active (masculine) components were blended and united within Whitman. It was his total acceptance and emotional extension of his own identity, with his joyous pride in its inclusiveness that gave America the miraculous volume. In addition to the joining together of body and soul, it was a synthesis of the masculine and feminine within Whitman, which caused the mystical vision and inspired his poetry. viii His poetry can be viewed as a child of this blending; therefore, its rhythms are necessarily sexual, since the fusion itself is emotional, subjective, and sensual rather than logical. Therefore, only by accepting the fact that all things, while still retaining individual identity and dignity, are in a deeper sense symbolic representatives of the same things, and that all things contains not only themselves but their apparent op posites, can the reader lose and then find himself in full freedom of Whitmans cosmic version. Only when we realize that Whitman is not a conscious and deliberate rebel, nor a mere chauvinist, nor a naive optimist, nor a discursive egotist-only when we grasp the wholeness of man and his love and vision-can we finally learn to feel him aright. For Whitmans poetry ranges beyond all studies and analyses; it is to be read aloud, to be sensed, to be absorbed, to be fused with-just as the poet fused the diverse elements of life and the contending elements of his own personality, accepting them in such a way as to create the most remarkable volume of poetry in 19th century in America. Finally it is necessary to be clearly aware that there is really no duality of paradox or ambiguity or opposites in the representation of the various masculine and feminine elements in Whitmans poetry, which has been demonstrated in Song of Myself. Day-man-life is not really separated from night-woman-death. x They all merge to become a whole; all are of equal value; and all lead to new birth and a higher level of a Cosmic self. xi As Whitman himself affirms, Out of the dimness opposite equals advance, always substance and increase, always sex. Or again, the ultimate affirmation: All goes onward and outward, nothing collapses.

Free Essays on Microsoft Legal Issues

Microsoft’s Legal Audit Microsoft, manufactures, licenses, and supports a host of software products for a number of computing devices. Their software includes operating systems for â€Å"intelligent devices, personal computers and servers; server applications for client/server environments; knowledge worker productivity applications; and software development tools. They also license consumer software programs; sell PC input devices; train and certify system integrators; and research and develop advanced technologies for future software products.† Should there be a reference here? Microsoft's ambitions are anything but small. The world's #1 software company provides a variety of products and services, including its Windows operating systems and Office Suite software. The company has expanded into markets such as video game consoles, interactive television, and Internet access. With its core markets maturing, Microsoft is targeting services for growth, looking to transform its software applications into Web-based services for enterprises and consumers. Microsoft has reached a tentative settlement to end an ongoing antitrust investigation, agreeing to uniformly license its operating systems and allow manufacturers to include competing software with Windows (Company Information). The following issues involving Microsoft were researched and analyzed in preparation for the production of this audit report. The three issues that were picked involve Microsoft’s employment discrimination troubles, anti-trust/monopoly problems, and revenue reporting investigations by the SEC. Following the legal audits, the appendix contains basic financial statements, a 5-year stock chart, and the 20 most recent insider trades as of March 2003. Employment Discrimination When it rains, it pours. The Associated Press headline and story lead-in of January 2001, announcing Jackson v. Microsoft, must have caused the hearts of anti-trust-weary Microsoft su... Free Essays on Microsoft Legal Issues Free Essays on Microsoft Legal Issues Microsoft’s Legal Audit Microsoft, manufactures, licenses, and supports a host of software products for a number of computing devices. Their software includes operating systems for â€Å"intelligent devices, personal computers and servers; server applications for client/server environments; knowledge worker productivity applications; and software development tools. They also license consumer software programs; sell PC input devices; train and certify system integrators; and research and develop advanced technologies for future software products.† Should there be a reference here? Microsoft's ambitions are anything but small. The world's #1 software company provides a variety of products and services, including its Windows operating systems and Office Suite software. The company has expanded into markets such as video game consoles, interactive television, and Internet access. With its core markets maturing, Microsoft is targeting services for growth, looking to transform its software applications into Web-based services for enterprises and consumers. Microsoft has reached a tentative settlement to end an ongoing antitrust investigation, agreeing to uniformly license its operating systems and allow manufacturers to include competing software with Windows (Company Information). The following issues involving Microsoft were researched and analyzed in preparation for the production of this audit report. The three issues that were picked involve Microsoft’s employment discrimination troubles, anti-trust/monopoly problems, and revenue reporting investigations by the SEC. Following the legal audits, the appendix contains basic financial statements, a 5-year stock chart, and the 20 most recent insider trades as of March 2003. Employment Discrimination When it rains, it pours. The Associated Press headline and story lead-in of January 2001, announcing Jackson v. Microsoft, must have caused the hearts of anti-trust-weary Microsoft su...

Celebrate Veterans Day - History and Origin of Veterans Day

Celebrate Veterans Day - History and Origin of Veterans Day People sometimes confuse the meanings of Memorial Day and Veterans Day. Memorial Day, often called Decoration Day, is observed the last Monday in May as a remembrance of those who died in military service of the United States. Veterans Day is observed on November 11 in honor of military veterans. The History of Veterans Day In 1918, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day in the eleventh month, the world rejoiced and celebrated. After four years of bitter war, an armistice was signed. The war to end all wars, World War I, was over. November 11, 1919 was set aside as Armistice Day in the United States. It was a day  to remember the sacrifices that men and women made during World War I in order to ensure a lasting peace. On Armistice Day, soldiers who survived the war marched in a parade through their home towns. Politicians and veteran officers gave speeches and held ceremonies of thanks for the peace they had won. Congress voted Armistice Day a federal holiday in 1938, twenty  years after the war ended. But Americans soon realized that the previous war would not be the last one. World War II began the following year and nations great and small again participated in a bloody struggle. For awhile after the Second World War, November 11 continued by be observed as Armistice Day. Then, in 1953, the townspeople in Emporia, Kansas began calling  the holiday Veterans Day in gratitude to both the World War I and World War II veterans in their town. Soon after, Congress passed a bill introduced by Kansas congressman, Edward Rees renaming the federal holiday Veterans Day. In 1971, President Nixon declared it a federal holiday to be observed on the second Monday in November. Americans still give thanks for peace on Veterans  Day. There are ceremonies and speeches. At 11:00 in the morning, most Americans observe a moment of silence, remembering those who fought for peace. After the United States involvement in the Vietnam War, the emphasis on holiday activities has shifted. There are fewer military parades and ceremonies. Veterans gather at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.   They place gifts at the names of their friends and relatives who fell in the Vietnam War. Families who have lost sons and daughters in wars turn their thoughts more toward peace and the avoidance of future wars. Veterans of military service have organized support groups such as the American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars. On Veterans Day and Memorial Day, these groups raise funds for their charitable activities by selling paper poppies made by disabled veterans. This bright red wildflower became a symbol of World War I after a bloody battle in a field of poppies called Flanders Field in Belgium. Ways to Honor Veterans on Veterans Day It is important that we continue to share the significance of Veterans Day with younger generations. Try these ideas with your kids to help them understand why its important to honor our nations veterans. Teach your children history of the holiday. Passing on the history of Veterans Day and ensuring that our children understand and remember the sacrifices that servicemen and women have made for our country is a meaningful way to honor our veterans. Read books, watch documentaries, complete Veterans  Day Printables, and discuss Veterans Day with your children.   Visit veterans. Make cards and write thank-you notes to deliver to veterans at the VA hospital or nursing home. Visit with them. Thank them for their service and listen to their stories if they’d like to share them. Display the American flag.  The  American flag should be  displayed at half-mast for Veterans Day.  Take time on Veterans Day to teach your children this and  other American flag etiquette. Watch a parade.  If your city  still holds a Veterans Day parade, you can honor veterans by taking your kids to see it.  Being there clapping on the sidelines  demonstrates to the men and women in the parade that we still remember and recognize their sacrifices. Serve a veteran.  Take time on  Veterans Day to serve a vet. Rake leaves, mow his or her  lawn, or  deliver a  meal or dessert.    Veterans Day is much more than simply a day when the banks and post offices are closed. Take some time to honor the men and women who have served our country and teach the next generation to do the same. Historical facts courtesy of Embassy of the United States of America Updated by Kris Bales

Human Resource Managment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resource Managment - Term Paper Example A distinctive capability that creates high value and differentiates an organization from its competition is a core competency. Human Resource Management policies help to define the approaches that are adopted in the organization both in developing employment practices and in implementing them; and constitute specific guidelines for managers, facilitating â€Å"empowerment, devolution and delegation† (Armstrong, 2006, p.147). Human resource or employment policies help to establish corporate values, shape corporate culture and provide frameworks to promote consistent and equitable decisions on the management of employees. To increase an organization’s competitive advantage, one of the important goals of human resource management in an organization is to promote employees’ motivation towards achieving increasing productivity. Similarly, changing the organization’s culture to one that is more empowering for employees, helps to attain organizational objectives. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of Human Resource Management in helping an organization to achieve competitive advantage. HRM Strategies for Achieving Organizational Competitive Advantage Human Resource Management strategies are approaches that are adopted in the organization for both developing and implementing employment practices; they are based on policies or specific guidelines for managers facilitating â€Å"empowerment, devolution and delegation† (Armstrong 2006, p.147). Human resource strategies aim to establish corporate values, shape corporate culture and provide frameworks to promote consistent and equitable decisions on the management of employees. According to Burke and Cooper (2005), traditional views on competitive advantage focused on barriers to entry as â€Å"economies of scale, patent protection, access to capital, and regulated competition† (p.3). More recent perspectives have emphasized a different sour ce of competitive advantage, a company’s human resources and human capital. Organizations are confronted with new demands arising from increased competition, globalization, and technological advances. These phenomena make creativity, innovation, speed and flexibility vital for organizational efficiency. These assets are abstract, do not appear on a balance sheet, but exist in people and management systems. The role of human resource strategy to optimize organizational performance is being reconsidered. Rather than seeing the HR function as a cost, it should instead be seen as an investment, â€Å"a strategic lever for the organization in creating value† (Burke & Cooper, 2005, p.3). Thus, there is an increasing trend for human resources to be considered as the main differentiating factors contributing to a company’s competitive advantage. This underscores the belief that the knowledge and skills of employees is much more difficult to imitate, as compared to other resources. Thus, Human Resource Management believes employees to be valued assets, with the potential to ensure competitive advantage based on their commitment, adaptability and high quality skills. A study

Desire2learn (D2L) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Desire2learn (D2L) - Essay Example Current data is converted according to the new system and transferred into the new database. This phase will further facilitate any additional feature is required by the user of the system (Anonymous, 2007). Even after intense analysis during system development and implementation there is a change of some feature might have been left out. The importance of these requests should be analyzed carefully to make any decisions to implement the changes instantly or to record them for future development. This activity will be performed occasionally to check the system in an operational environment. A representative from all the relevant departments will submit progress reports to discuss about the project status, problem reports (if required) and one technical specifications report after the end of the testing phase. The following reports must be submitted within the mentioned period: Staff in all of the departments are co-operating with the TUI team in order to transfer of data, information about data requirements, establishment of new policy procedures, application support, information about working procedures, etc. Steering Committee members should meet at the beginning of the project implementation and every quarter hereafter. This will assure that all stakeholders are agreed with the outcome of the project (Anonymous, 2007). As we all know that implementation is the key process of the analyzing phase of the software. Planners are assisted with planning software for the implementation of the projects. Project Desk planning software is an option to difficult planning tools. Project Desk reduces overfed unnecessary complications and entirely eliminates the requirements to install and manage hard to understand, implement and maintain project management tools.  Its benefits include cost effectiveness, team management, no specific hardware requirement, enhanced communication and free technical

Play in Early Childhood | Theories

Play in Early Childhood | Theories Nature and role of play in early childhood. Not only play therapists, early interventionists, social workers or sociocultural researchers like for example Gà ¶ncà ¼ (1999) have focused in the last four decades on child play but also all major developmental theorists like Piaget, (1962), Vygotksy, (1976), Bruner (1972) or Erikson, (1977). Today, therefore the essential role that play possesses in the development of an infant during childhood has been acknowledged by most theorists and developmental psychologists strive to help mentally ill children with different play therapy techniques. Despite the fact that there is neither a satisfactory definition of play nor consent about its purpose, as maintained by Bundy (2001), one can describe and define children’s play behaviour as pleasurable, personally directed, intrinsically motivated and voluntary activities which are conducted in a safe, spontaneous, goalless context (Hughes, 2001) and which involve â€Å"much repetition and variation as the child explores the range of possibilities of behaviour† (Butterworth Harris, 1998, p.140) in contents and intents where the child possess a sense of control. Child play is both performed in solitary or in social groups and it is always more intrinsically then extrinsically motivated even when children are eagerly and seriously engaged in play activities which are rule governed. It also may to serve to explore inanimate objects or to explore human relationships and social roles (see Butterworth Harris, 1998). Thus, child play is not only a straightforward term for simple actions but includes manifold activities with manifold purposes. It also has many diverse facets as it for, instance, represents reality in as-if or what-if term (symbolic nature of play) while at the same time connecting or linking different experiences (meaningful nature of play). As it includes so many diverse aspects many definitions have arose in the past with each definition providing a different understanding and interpretation of children’s play. In general, the play theories are divided into classical theories of play (e.g. Hall’s Recapitulation Theory, 1920; Groos’ Pre-Exercise Theory, 1984) and modern theories of play (Mellou, 1994). Classical theories of play originated in the nineteenth century and tried to explain the existence and purpose of play (Mellou, 1994). However, this brief paper intends to investigate and discuss the nature and role of play in early childhood with reference to theories of development and will focus on contemporary theories (e.g. Psychoanalytic theory, Cognitive theories) which were mainly devised after the 1920s and which try to explain the role of play in child development (Saracho and Spodek, 1995). Psychoanalytic Theory Freud (1938) and colleagues developed the Psychoanalytic theory of play which arose through therapies which examined repressed memories of patients. In this sense, Freud concluded that child play is a way of replacing negative feelings and emotions in a cathartic way with positive emotions. Thus, accordingly, children who do not play sufficiently will remain traumatized and possess destructively negative feelings throughout the rest of their lives. Freud (1938) believed that playing represents not only a catalyst of negative feelings but serves also as a facilitator for grasping and comprehending unpleasant and agonizing experiences and represents, additionally, a tool for children to express their feelings and emotions (Wehman and Abramson, 1976). Psychotherapists like Takhvar (1988) or Erikson (1963) have modified and altered Freud’s initial theory by relating ego processes, fear, anxiety, and wish fulfillment to play activities in children. Conflict solving and the dramatisation of both past, present and future were, additionally, identified by Erikson (1950) as the main characteristics of play and he, consequently, transformed Freud’s psychosexual development stages into psychosocially relevant stages. Peller (1952) concluded that adult roles are imitated in children’s fantasy play which, in turn, provides children with a sense of mastery that empowers them to deal with difficult real life situations an d experiences. It was Murphy (1962) who concluded that in addition to all the mentioned benefits of child play, the acting out elements of play enable children not only to understand negative experiences from the past but allow for processing of positive or everyday experiences (see Saracho Spodek, 1995). Play Therapy Acting out is one of the pivotal elements of play therapy which can be regarded as an offspring of these psychoanalytic ideas (Axline, 1974). Play therapy has been predominantly employed in children with emotional difficulties and distortions and intends to minimise and diminish children’s mainly destructive emotions (e.g. anxiety, fear, insecurity) through acting out these emotions. Observation of a child during guided play situations provides the therapists with insights about the emotional problems and difficulties faced by the child and enables the therapists to explore ways for reestablishing the child’s security and mastery of self, situation and sentiments. Cognitive Theories From Piaget to Vygotski The most influential figures for cognitive theories are Piaget (1962) and Vygotsky (1978) who both attempted to comprehend the precise relationship between cognitive developments and play behaviour in a child. In order to understand Piaget’s ideas on child play one has to be first acquainted with his cognitive development theory in which assimilation and accommodation are the two most important and prevailing factors. Assimilation involves the process of a child assimilating and integrating external information from the outside world into pre-existent mental structures while the ultimate goal is to obtain a state of equilibrium where the cognitive balance is maintained. This is reached by children continuously adapting and accommodating their imperfect and imbalanced mental structures in order to improve their reception of real world information. This explains partly why children enjoy playing as they do not need to adapt their cognitive schemes to the world anymore when they play but rather the world has to accommodate to the universe which they have created according to their own simple rules. Playing can be consequently seen as opposed by imitating where in contrast assimilation predominates over accommodation.   Piaget (1962) has, in total, identified three stages of play and has described the sensorimotor stage as the first followed by the symbolic and games with rules stages. A child experiences the different stages in a sequential order while every single stage includes different types of play (see Stagnitti, 2004). According to Piaget (1964) children indulge more in physical activities (e.g. play fighting) in the sensorimotor stage which often involve objects but since playing with objects is too practical as to be concerned for the symbolic stage it solely occurs in the first stage of play development. The second stage evolves when children are approximately two years old and involves symbolic or making-believe play. One object representing another is a characteristic of symbolic play and represents a qualitatively new form of behaviour which is a pivotal evidence for the transition from early childhood to a new stage. Symbolic processes also enter into the playful exploration of social roles, as when children play at being bus drivers, nurses, teachers, or mothers and fathers. Unlike the simple practice of physical skills, symbolic play therefore involves imaginary reality. According to Baldwin (1905; in Butterworth and Harris, 1998), imagination is the general power of having mental images. Baldwin distinguished reconstructive imagination (as when one imagines a man on a horse from previous experience) from compounded imagination (as when one imagines a centaur from the previously separate memories of a man and a horse). Children enter the â€Å"games with rules† stage when they are about seven years old and this end stage of child play is complementary to Piaget’s concrete operational stage of development.   In this stage, children become more and more interested in having social interactions while playing (e.g. chess, cards), according to Piaget (1968), and choose writing down fictional stories instead of dramatic play. Physical or symbolic games are still played throughout one’s life although one chooses predominantly to play games which have tangible rules and which also satisfy the need in everyone to socialise and which come as close as possible to reality (see Goldman, 1998). Nevertheless, referring to Lloyd and Howe (2003) one of today’s principal and chief theoretical debates in the study of play is whether solitary play represents either an advanced or immature type of play. As a matter of fact, Piaget’s (1968) view that the frequency of solitary play does significantly decline with age is not supported anymore. Moore and colleagues (1974) have rather discovered that solitary play persists throughout different stages and becomes even more mentally mature with age In a similar vein, Rubin and collaborators (1983) reported that children below 5 years of age were yet not able to engage themselves in sophisticated solitary games as much as 5-year-olds were and while children going to kindergarten were found to prefer solitary-constructive play, preschoolers play observably more functional solitary games. Consequently, in contrast to what has been assumed by Piaget (1968) one can impossible one’s social maturity by purely looking at the amount of social interaction and neglecting relevant cognitive aspects (Lloyd and Howe, 2003, Stagnitti and Unsworth, 2000). In sum, Piaget (1968) believed that changes in cognitive development underlie changes in forms of play with only mirroring the achieved cognitive developmental stage but without play helping to lead to more mature cognitive developmental stages. He was recently criticised by Elkonin (2005) as he did not offer any details about the essential child-adult interactions during his experiements but completely omitted them. Piaget’s (1968) viewpoint stands in stark contrast to Vygotsky (1976) who strongly believed that play facilitates and accelerates cognitive development in children. Vygotski’s approach was not only dissimilar to that of Piaget but also to those of Freud as he focused on normal problems in children’s development whereas Freud took more the extreme cases of traumatised children into consideration. His ideas were, nevertheless, in accordance with many other well-known theorists like for instance Bruner (1972, 1999) or Russ (1995) who like him saw sociodramatic play which is discovered by 2-year-oldsas essential for emotional, cognitive and emotional development. In his eyes, sociodramatic play serves as a tool to imitate the adults and thus enabled children to experience situations and activities for which they were actually too immature in order to experience them in real life situations. â€Å"In play the child functions above his average age, above his usual eve ryday behaviour, in play he is head high above himself† (Vygotsky, 1976, p.552). Similarly, in sociodramatically play situations objects can be better defined by children and social norms are more successfully internalised and behaviour can be steadily accommodated according to these norms. An existing imaginary situation and rules are the two factors that distinguish this self-regulatory play from other early childhood behaviour (see Elias and Berk, 2001). The imaginary situation includes children acquiring the skill to make a distinction between cognitive mind and physical action from external stimuli. As a consequence, children control external stimuli and objects in play situations as they voluntarily determine the significance and identity of the situations and stimuli. The child, for example, decides independently whether a stick represents a telephone, a sparrow, a snake or anything else which he or she uses in make-believe situations. This independent power to select and create one’s own universe above the existing reality transforms impulsive actions of a child into self-regulation (Vygotsky, 1978). According to Elias and Berk (2002) with increased age the children’s imagination becomes stronger and stronger and the more they grow up the less they need an object to be as similar as possible to the real world in play situations and thus they can correspond in more self-regulatory ways with both the real and fantasy world. The obeying of rules during play is congruent with the child’s desire to adapt to the social environment which demands acting alongside socially accepted and internalised norms and values. Hence, Vygotsky (1978) concluded that the adherence to rules during play is a central catalyst of satisfaction which children gain from playing. In sum, one conclude that sociodramatic play provides children with the â€Å"greatest self-control† possible (Vygotski, 1978, p. 99) as it demands from children to steadily fight against prompt and incarnated impulses while stressing â€Å"social rules and coordination of goals and behaviour with those of others† (Elias and Berk, 2002, p. 218). Many researchers have attempted to test Vygotsky’s (1978) sociadramatic play theory. The results of Elias and Berk’s (2001) study, for instance, in which they investigated complex sociodramatic play (CSD), solitary dramatic play, and dramatic play in preschool children, demonstrated that those infants are benefiting significantly from CSD play who are most in need of improving their self-regulatory abilities. This finding was congruent to Vygotsky’s claim that self-restraint is very strongly related to sociodramatic play and that playing children constantly resist present impulses in order to adhere social norms that exists in the make-believe context. Kraft and Berk (1998) offered more support for this theory in revealing that infants try to control their behaviour to act according to their thoughts and mental images as CSD was positively correlated to the utilisation of self-guiding private speech. In sum, one can say that today Vygotsky’s notions about play in early childhood have received significantly more support than Piaget’s ideas. However these are by far not the only influential figures in developmental psychology and many theorists hypothesis about child play had to be left out due to the brief nature of this paper (Gà ¶ncà ¼, 1999). Another major idea of Vygotski (1978) which had great influence on child play research concerns the so-called zone of proximal development (ZND) which can be described as the difference between what a child can achieve with and without the help of parents (adults or peer groups). Vygotski viewed the adults as facilitating and potentialising opportunites for the child to learn quicker and more effective in play situations as infants’ knowledge evolves much better through experience of parents leading and directing the child towards more ideal and mature solutions to problems (see Butterworth and Harris, 1998). However cognitive development is limited to a limited time span in one’s life which falls precisely into the ZND. This theory has been very influential in the language acquisition research. As children interact and play with peers particular models of expression, explanation and communication are developed. This generated language use is regarded by many (e.g. Good man and Goodman, 1990, Tharp and Gallimore, 1988) as the foundation for literacy. Jerome Bruner (1973, 1999) basically agrees with this notion that cognitive development is highly related to the systematic social interaction between a child and a parent, peer or teacher. Nevertheless, Bruners theory of cognitive development can be more linked to Piaget’s theory. Bruners postulated the idea that children evolve through different modes of represention in their intellectual development. He introduced three modes of representing understanding, namely, enactive, iconic and symbolic. The iconic representation stage involves using images, pictures or photos that encapsulate or outline action to represent knowledge while the more primitive enactive mode involves representing knowledge solely through physical actions and thus is very compatible to Piaget’s sensorimotor stage. The symbolic mode, however, includes using, for example, symbolic or pretend play for representing cognitive advancement. Bruner’s theories have been very influential in child pla y and music instructing sessions and represent a conclusive bridge between Piaget and Vygotski’s theories (Atterbury and Richardson, 1995). References Atterbury, B. W., Richardson, C. P. (1995). The experience of teaching general music. New York: McGraw-Hill. Axline, V.M. (1947). Play Therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Baldwin, J.M. (1905). Dictionary of philosophy and psychology. London: Macmillan. Bruner, J.S. (1972). Nature and Uses of Immaturity. American Psychologist, 8, 687–708. Bruner, J. S. (1973). The growth of representation processes in childhood. In J. Anlin (Ed.), Beyond the information given: Studies in the psychology of knowing (pp. 313-324). New York: Norton. Bruner, J. (1999) Folk Pedagogies. In J. Leach and B. Moon (eds) Learners and Pedagogy. London: Paul Chapman. Bundy, A. (2001). Measuring play performance. In: M. Law, D. Baum W. Dunn (eds) Measuring occupational performance supporting best practice in occupational therapy. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc. p. 89–102 Butterworth, George and Harris, Margareth (1998). Principles of developmental psychology. Hove: Psychology Press. Elias, Cynthia L. and Berk, Laura (2002). Self-regulation in young children: Is there a role for sociodramatic play? Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 17, 216-238. Elkonin, D.B. (2005). Theories of play. Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, 43(2), 3–89. Erikson, E. H. (1985). Play and actuality. In: J. S. Bruner et al.   (eds) Play: its role in development and evolution. New York, NY: Penguin Books. p.668-704 Freud, S. (1938). The basic writings of Sigmund Freud, New York: Modern Library. Freud, S. (1961). Beyond the pleasure principle. New York, NY: Norton. Goldman, L. (1998). Child’s play: myth, mimesis, and make-believe. Oxford: Berg. Gà ¶ncà ¼, A. (1999). Children’s engagement in the world: sociocultural perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press. Goodman, Y.M. and Goodman, K.S. (1990) Vygotsky in a whole language perspective.In L. Moll (Ed.) Vygotsky and Education: instructional implications and applications ofsociohistorical psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Groos, K. (1916), The Play of Animals. Zeitschrift Psychologie, 133. Groos, K. (1985). The play of animals: Play and instinct. In: J. S. Brunner, A. Jolly K. Sylva (eds) Play: its role in development and evolution. New York, NY: Penguin Books. p.68–83 Hall, G. S. (1920). Youth. New York, NY: A. Appleton. Hughes, B. (2001) Evolutionary Playwork and reflective analytic practice. London: Routledge. Lloyd, Bronwen and Howe, Nina (2003) Solitary play and convergent and divergent thinking skills in preschool children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 18, 22–41 Mellou, E. (1994). Play theories: A contemporary review. EarlyChild Development and Care, 102, 91–100. Moore, N. V. et al.. (1974). Solitary play: some functional reconsiderations. Developmental Psychology, 10, 830–834. Murphy, L.B. (1962). The widening world of childhood. New York: Basic Books Peller, L.E. (1952). Models of children’s play. Mental Hygiene, 36, 66-83. Piaget, J. (1962). Play dreams and imitation in childhood. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. Rubin, K.H., et al. (1983). Play. In: E.M. Hetherington (ed.) Mussen’s Handbook of child psychology. New York: Wiley. P.693-741 Russ, S. W. (1995). Play psychotherapy research: State of the science. In T. H. Ollendick and R. J. Prinz (eds.) Advances in clinical psychology, 17. New York: Plenum. P.365–391 Saracho, Olivia N., Spodek (1995). Children’s play and early childhood education: insights from history and theory. Journal of Education, 177(3), 129-148 Stagnitti, K. (2004). Understanding play: the implications for play Assessment. 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Rhetoric

Scott started a seminal debate within the rhetoric community with his essay, â€Å"On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic. † His argument – rhetoric is epistemic – has been analyzed and/or criticized by many scholars. Scott himself followed up in 1976 with an article titled, â€Å"On Viewing Rhetoric as Epistemic: Ten Years Later† in order to address some of these concerns, and add to his original thoughts. Despite this follow-up, authors still continue criticize and defend his work.This essay will focus on three responses in particular, each focusing on a different aspect of Coot's argument, in order to prove that rhetoric is in fact epistemic. First, Brunette's, Three Meanings of Epistemic Rhetoric (1979) will examine three possible meanings and implications of Coot's claim. Second, Harping's What Do You Mean, Rhetoric is Epistemic? (2004) will hone in on the debate between Scott and Cheerier and Haskins, defining the positions of each.Finally, Banshee's The C artesian Anxiety in Epistemic Rhetoric: An Assessment of the Literature (1990) will address four key positions within the debate, and bring them together with his Bernstein term, â€Å"Cartesian Anxiety. From these responses it will become clear that while many scholars agree that rhetoric is epistemic, their definitions and viewpoints still vary. Before Jumping into the responses of other scholars, it is probably worth examining Coot's own response, especially since it predates the essays soon to be examined.In this essay, Scott attempts to address three questions: â€Å"Is there one way of knowing or many? What sort of knowing does rhetoric strive to achieve? Is rhetorical relativism vicious? † (1976, 259). He states that there are many ways of knowing, emphasizing the lyricist nature of Ways of knowing. ‘ He believes that rhetoric should strive to achieve an actuality, or an agreed social construction (later it will become apparent that this facet of his argument is the one sparking the most debate).Finally, he attempts to dispel the positivist argument against him, that rhetorical relativism is vicious. This leads to some deeper discussion on the nature of subjective knowledge, of which his defining argument seems to be: â€Å"Relativism, supposedly, means a standard-less society, or at least a maze of differing standards, and thus a cacophony f disparate, and likely selfish interests.Rather than a standard-less society, which is the same as saying no society at all, relativism indicates circumstances in which standards have to be established cooperatively and renewed repeatedly' (1976, 264) Brume seeks to offer up what he deems to be the three prevailing philosophies on epistemology. The first is what is considered the positivist view, which is essentially that there is a truth out there, and that people are either right or wrong about what they think is true. He emphasizes that rhetoric is the path to reaching that truth.The second is the classic interpretive approach, that different groups have different realities, and there knowledge within them. This means that within a group, someone can be wrong, although that doesn't necessarily mean they're wrong in all groups. Finally, he addresses the view that the world is much too complicated for humans to understand, which is evidenced by our need to define and label everything. Harping focus on defining terms, as he sees this as the most critical step in defining hitherto as epistemic.Specially, he examines the nature of â€Å"certainty' and the implications of various definitions and views. Next he examines the term â€Å"rhetoric,† whose definitions has implications not Just in this debate, but for all rhetorical theory. Here he addresses the pros and cons of defining rhetoric in a broad or specific sense. Finally, Harping examines Justification, and how various scholar use justification within the realm of epistemology. Bingham compares four positions within à ¢â‚¬Ëœrhetoric as epistemic' literature.

Essay on Censorship in Television and Radio - 3028 Words

Censorship in Television and Radio For our group project we, group 6, decided to focus our attention on censorship in television and on the radio. We showed most of the attention to the Janet Jackson incident in Super Bowl 38 when looking at television, and for radio, focused on the FCC and disc jockeys like Howard Stern. Here are the television articles as done by three of our group members. If there is a single most important event that happened in television that caused major ramifications, it would be the Janet Jackson’s â€Å"wardrobe malfunction† during the halftime show at Super Bowl 38. In this incident Janet Jackson exposed her right breast. Worst of all the Super Bowl was broadcast on CBS, a non-cable free channel, where†¦show more content†¦The white house supports these ideas saying â€Å"This legislation will make broadcast television and radio more suitable for family viewing by giving the FCC the authority to impose meaningful penalties on broadcasters tat air obscene or indecent material over the public airwaves†. The television has responded to the scrutiny that they have been put under, not by rebelling, but complying with these new rules and censoring themselves. For starters Victoria’s Secret cancelled its annual fashion show, on television, this year. Fox is trying to clean up its act by employing people to monitor its star reality show, â€Å"American Idol†, as well as other reality shows. Comcast Corporation told Congress that it will increase its efforts to assist parents in choosing the right programming for their children. In an interview with Survivor host Jeff Probst said that the producers were told to enlarge the digital blur over Richard Hatch, who spent part of his time on the show naked. NBC planned to show a woman’s exposed breasts on ER, but from pressure from their affiliates the scene was edited. ABC also planed on showing a racy sex scene on their show NYPD Blue, but because the show was played before 10:00 in Central and Mountain Time the scene was darkened to show less. Stemming from the Janet Jackson incident many â€Å"live† shows were put on a delay. MTV will used a delayShow MoreRelatedThe Censorship Of Radio Censorship1208 Words   |  5 Pagesbecomes threatened through censorship which infringes and hinders artistic expression. Radio stations use censorship to edit explicit music in hopes of preserving adolescent innocence, however; there in no value in radio censorship. The significance of radio censorship is diminished because editing music for radio play is ineffective in blocking the nature of a song, radio stations kill the authenticity of music, and songs lose their integrity. For example, radio censorship is pointless due to itsRead More Media Censorship Essay examples662 Words   |  3 PagesMedia Censorship Today there is much controversy over whether there should or shouldn’t be censorship of the media. Censorship should not be imposed on citizens by the government or other agencies; adults have a right to view or listen to what they choose. Additionally, if children’s media is censored, parents are the ones who should monitor and regulate it. Parents should be the ones to monitor children’s viewing of television and also what they hear on the radio, CD’s, and tapes. CensorshipRead MoreCensorship of Music is the Responsibility of the Parent Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship of Music is the Responsibility of the Parent Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversy over the past two decades. There have been many different arguments on the topic, however the question still lingers is should censorship still remain. Before you can form an opinion on this, you must hear both sides of the argument on this much-debated topic. Some people believe that music should be censored so all audiences can hear it without it containing any offensiveRead MoreCensorship of Electronic Communication Systems1158 Words   |  5 PagesCENSORSHIP OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Introduction. Communication system of society is changing rapidly with the time. In ancient ages people use to communicate with shouting. If people are much more apart from one another the letter writing was the only means of communication just before 500 years. Due to rapid development of science, now a days a message can be passed to millions of people who all are scattered in whole world by a simple electronic communication system. Due to electronicRead MoreEssay about Television Censorship1601 Words   |  7 Pages Television Censorship WHAT IS CENSORSHIP? quot;Censorship is the supervision and control of the information and ideas that are circulated among the people within a society. In modern times, censorship refers to the examination of books, periodicals, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other communication media for the purpose of altering or suppressing parts thought to be objectionable or offensive. The objectionable material may be considered immoral or obscene, hereticalRead MoreVenezuelan Media Censorship Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesMedia censorship destroys the necessary objective journalism of a country and disturbs the freedom of expression of all citizens as well as the democracy of the country itself. There are many countries in the world whose governments impose such censorship in order to prevent information contrary to their beliefs to be known. The question is: how far would a government go to silence so many voices? Venezuela should be a democratic country with freedom of expression as its constitution states. TheRead MoreCensorship Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right to petition the government for a redress of government.†(Ravitch, 118) As stated in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the people of this nation have the right to exercise their beliefs out loud, or in writing. With this in mind, does the government have the right to undermine the foundation of our nation, and censor what we readRead MoreStudies in Contemporary Literature: Free Speech1622 Words   |  7 Pages Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined as determined by the government, media outlet, or other controlling bodies (Wikipedia, 1). This can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship which is the act of censoring or cl assifying one’s own work like blog, books, films, or other means of expression, out of theRead MoreFor The Second Paper Topic, I Will Touch Upon The Media1132 Words   |  5 PagesFor the second paper topic, I will touch upon the media issue of censorship and how the effects of censorship on the public and how its history has changed the way the world is ran as well as the current state of censorship. Censorship; something that has been prevalent in society since the beginning of news, media, and all other forms of mass communication. When I say censorship, I am referring to the suppression of free speech, public communication or any other information that could be perceivedRead MoreThe Taliban has Implemented Censorship in Afghanistan1606 Words   |  7 PagesAfghanistan began a period of regulation which can be considered the most restricted in the world. Censorship is the act of a government or powerful group filtering information, news, and media to fit approved topics and categories. Under censorship, the people now have to be cautious of what they write, say, or do because if it’s deemed offensive or â€Å"illegal†, they can be penalized. (Definitions of Censorship) The Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist group, proved to be no different. Whether it was news

Religion And The American Colonies - 2143 Words

It is a fairly well known fact that the colonization of the New World in general, and more specifically, what would become eventually become the United States of America, was heavily based upon commercial endeavors. However, it was also heavily influenced by the desire of people to possess and preserve religious independence. Placing the potential for commercial success aside and focusing on the religious aspects of colonization, the proliferation of various religions over the course of colonial history is quite extensive and, by proxy, its’ influence upon developing colonial societies was far-reaching. Because of the historical significance of many different religions throughout the colonies, it would also suggest that religious diversity was likely equally impactful in eliciting change. All of this leads this author to speculate about how much influence religion had upon colonial upheaval over time and whether or not the ensuing dissent was a major factor in the lead up to The French and Indian War and eventual revolution of the American colonies. To uncover the significance and role religion played in the American colonies, a number of different articles were reviewed, each representing different perspectives, points of view, and empirical evidence about religion in colonial America. Religion throughout Colonial America To begin with, religious worship in Colonial America was as diverse as the various colonies themselves; different geographical landscapes and aShow MoreRelatedEconomics vs Religion American Colonies1043 Words   |  5 PagesEconomics over Religion Throughout history there have been two leading factors that lead a colony to success. These two factors are religion and economics or money. Which factor is more important? 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After finding no treasure and on the brinkRead MoreThe English Colonization And Settlement Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesWorld (North America) that would eventually end up with thirteen colonies for the English. How did the English colonization and settlement in the Chesapeake and southern colonies differ from that in New England? What factors motivated people to settle in the different regions? What effect did the English Protestant Reformation in the mid-1500s have on the desire of Englishmen to migrate to the New World? [Hint: the New England colonies.] How did the desire for freedom of worship (religious freedom)Read MoreNative Americans And The United States991 Words   |   4 PagesThe United States as we know it, since its beginning has been based on immigration. Native Americans traveled during the Ice Age through the Bering Strait and English settlers sailed the Atlantic. Due to unknown reasons, most of the Native societies except for the Aztecs collapse before the arrival of the Europeans, which gives shine to the English settlements since their attainment set the roots of our society today. More importantly, it should be recognized the diverse cultures of English settlersRead MoreReligion Has Been A Major Force In The History Of The United1104 Words   |  5 PagesReligion has been a major force in the history of the United States and in settling the colonies of America in many ways. Religion was definitely one of the major reasons for the founding of the colonies. The early colonists wanted the freedom to worship God as they had seen as proper, and they were promised this freedom of worship. Most of these colonies were deeply rooted in their r eligious beliefs. Religion was a powerful influence on the social and political life of the colonial times inRead MoreReligion Has Played An Important Role In The History Of1108 Words   |  5 Pages Religion has played an important role in the history of the United States and in creating the colonies of the New World in many ways. Religion was definitely one of the major reasons for the establishment of the colonies. The early colonists wanted the freedom to worship God as they seen as proper, and they were promised this freedom of worship. Most of these colonies were deeply rooted in their religious beliefs. Religion strongly influenced the social and political life of the colonial timesRead MoreSociety of Colonial America Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pageshas been slowly incorporating in their society with the European settlers who have migrated to the country and governments claiming colonies in each part of the continent. Due to the variety of cultures that have now mixed i n the country, there have been many particular elements or legacies which have left a mark in the country and are continuously seen today in American culture. The time period is also considered America’s development period as it is slowly grasping its own heritage and discovering