Marco Polo Comparison Essay - 1546 Words

The prolific writings of both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta give accounts of early world travel and exploration during the middle ages, these two explorers’ managed to travel the length of the Eurasian empire, while creating written accounts of their adventure. When comparing these two individual writings on their travels and perception of cultures, religion and trade also their reasons for travel it is imperative that we acknowledge that these two individuals came from very different back rounds Polo a Christian and Battuta a Muslim. Thus their accounts and view points maybe very different in retrospect to one another due to a religious, and cultural bias when exploring these areas. In order to understand these two travelers it†¦show more content†¦Polo’s view on this was made clear when he states that the kings was so â€Å"Lecherous that I assure you that he has fully 300 wives†5. It is important to note the language used in the second quote which shows how he felt about this king’s indulgement as lewdness and lust in a way regarded as distasteful. This was with out a shock to polo who came from a Christian back round where such an act was considered unacceptable and blasphemous. Ibn Battuta also mentions slaves in the text many times through his travels; his view of slave trade contradicts that of Polo’s. This is evident when Battuta was given his first â€Å"hospitality Gift†6 of a young male in Turkey, where he also bought and sold slaves. This comparison is in sharp contrast to Polo’s view on slavery for trade where Battuta seemed to accept this as normal practice within his culture and even seemed it fit to deem it as a gift. This comparison shows how cultures within the middle ages held very different beliefs and guild lines for individuals of various ideologies, what interested and was seen as acceptable practice of slave trade for Battuta, was on the other hand very shocking to Polo. A comparison of the travels of both Battuta and Polo show that both men came in contact with great leaders of Eurasia which shaped their travels and lead them to seek control and obtain control over the Mongolian empire now known as China inShow MoreRelatedExplorers And Voyagers Written Presentation972 Words   |  4 Pagesemploys the technique of classical comparison in order to help its readers understand the events in the court of the great Khans at Karakorum. However, despite the great achievements in his work, Rubruck is far less a figure of study in modern day academic study. But this should not be the case. Comparison with his contemporaries and analysing historiographical trends, is going to prove the Rubruck is far a more reliable source than that of Longjumeau, Carpine and Marco Polo, and should be treated as suchRead MoreThe Impact of Expectations Upon Marco Polo and Hernan Cortes2059 Words   |  9 Pages Human history is filled with the names of bold explorers who ventured into the great unknown, only to come out basked in glory as some of the great heroes of their day. Among the grandest are Marco Polo, who provided little known information about the Far East to Europeans, and Hernan Cortes, the great Spanish conquistador who is given credit for the defeat of the Mexica Empire. These two famous explorers are also ideal case studies to analyze the influence of expectations, interestsRead Morepersuasive message777 Words   |  4 Pagesyear, I believe it would behoove us create our new device and let the public know that it’s coming and it’s going to be amazing! The Iphone 6 has made such a tremendous effect this year but the applications and capabilities of the 7 will hold no comparison. I have attached a video that will demonstrate what we at Apple have been working on for the new 7, and detail all its fascinating features. I see no reason why the product would fail since Apple still led the market with 40.6% market shares last Read MoreEntrepreneurship Is An Integral Part Of Our Economy1765 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestors for startup capital, and this has always been this way. In the thirteenth century, Marco Polo, the famous explorer, wanted to trade with Asia, but wasn’t sure how to get the materials he wanted to trade there, so he asked financiers in Venice to let him use their money with the promise that he would then return their money and share his profits with them. This idea of investment and return made Marco Polo one of the first known entrepreneurs whose ideas of business spread throughout Europe andRead MoreEntrepreneurship Is An Integral Part Of Our Economy1758 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestors for startup capital, and this has always been this way. In the thirteenth century Marco Polo, the famous explorer, wanted to trade with Asia but wasn’t sure how to get the materials he wanted to trade there, so he asked financiers in Venice to let him use their money with the promise that h e would then return their money and share his profits with them. This idea of investment and return made Marco Polo one of the first known entrepreneurs whose ideas of business spread throughout Europe andRead MoreWhy did the Great Divergence Occur1384 Words   |  6 Pagescurrency and the printing of literature. China also saw the innovation of printing by paving the way towards other inventions such as wallpaper, tissue paper, toilet paper and certain articles of clothing. Many of these inventions were recognised by Marco Polo, who spread the innovations in Europe. These items, along with tea, silk, and porcelain, were some of the vast array of inventions supplied by China, showcasing it as a prime country of innovation prior to the Great Divergence. Moreover, tracesRead MoreHotel Thesis6924 Words   |  28 PagesEmployed / Member State 20000 16000 12000 8000 4000 0 04 01 99 00 02 03 20 05 20 20 Year EU27 EU25 19 20 20 Year Czeck Republic Spain United Kingdom Germany France Source: Eurostat.eu 2008 Also, in comparison to the USA and Japan, the European Hotels and restaurant sector has experienced the highest growth in terms of employment in the recent years. Within Europe; the UK, Spain, and Germany are the most important member states regarding employment inRead MoreComponents Of A Computer Based Information System1455 Words   |  6 Pagessee how their health systems compare with the American system (the US is the only developed nation on earth without universal health care). He visited doctors, hospitals, and health ministries. In a TV interview on ABC, Reid was described as a â€Å"Marco Polo† looking at health care around the world. Reid said he set out on his global reporting journey to answer a simple question: â€Å"How come the other advanced industrialized free market countries offer universal health care at half the cost? â€Å"He thenRead MoreThe Elastic War Machine : The Revolutionary War1647 Words   |  7 Pages the horses themselves should be of note to any who thinks of a tall, sleek, Arabian stallion flying across the steppe. What is now the domestic horse, is not what the Mongols rode. 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The Powers of the Prime Minister Free Essays

string(58) " as he will not be able to exercise his role effectively\." Introduction The purpose of this essay is to describe and discuss the powers of the British Prime Minister and which implications arise from his position for the government and politics. This essay will consist of three parts. In the first part the main powers of the Prime Minister (PM), currently David Cameron, will be considered. We will write a custom essay sample on The Powers of the Prime Minister or any similar topic only for you Order Now These include his tasks as head of government, the right to select his cabinet and to dismiss ministers, to represent the country abroad and more functions, which will be explained in more detail below. In the second part the limits of his powers will be illustrated and how effective they are. These will lead to the third section, where it will be discussed whether the Prime Minister is too powerful. The focus will be especially on the argument whether Britain has a more prime ministerial government rather than a Cabinet government. Furthermore a comparison with the powers of the German chancellor is made, and it will be reviewed if the organisation of the office of German Chancellor is a better manner to regulate the powers of the PM. Lastly, it is discussed which reforms are possible to reduce the Prime Minister’s powers. The Roles of the Prime Minister As head of the UK government, the PM is probably the most influential person in British politics. To the present day 52 men and one woman have passed through the doors of Number 10 Downing Street as British Prime Minister. The office of the PM is the creation of convention, and the role and the powers conferred on him still depend mainly on convention and political circumstances. His powers are not defined in legislation, instead they evolved as a matter of political expediency and historically evolution. Moreover, it now appears to be a firm convention that the Prime Minister should be a member of the House of Commons. Most of the powers to be discussed derive from the royal prerogative.The royal prerogative is supposed to give the Monarch substantial power as the Head of State. However, the prerogative powers should be understood „not as personal discretionary powers of the Monarchâ€Å", but as „clearly circumscribed constitutional duties to be carried out on the advice of the PM. He is the principal government figure in the House of Commons and has a general authority to intervene in any sphere of government. The Prime Minister controls the central government apparatus in that he decides how the tasks of government should be allocated to departments and whether departments should be created, amalgamated or abolished. Furthermore it is the PM who appoints the members of the Cabinet and „sets the paceâ€Å" of Cabinet activity. He may ask ministers to resign, recommend the Queen to dismiss them or, with their consent, move them to other offices. Lord Atlee has said that an important quality in a Premier is the capacity to dismiss inadequate ministers. The Prime Minister is able to control Cabinet discussions and the process of decision-making by setting the order of business, and may name one of the Cabinet to be Deputy Prime Minister, or first Secretary of State. Therefore the power of appointment is one of the chief ways a Prime Minister keeps his cont rol over his party. By controlling influential committees, the PM can also ensure that he drives the policies of these committees. Accordingly, it can be said that the Prime Minister is in a position to exercise a dominant influence over the Cabinet, having powers that other ministers do not have. The PM customarily holds the titular position of First Lord of the Treasury. His approval is also required for the appointment of the most senior civil servants and important Crown appointments are filled on his nomination, for example, high-ranking members of the Church of England and senior judges. Furthermore, he also has control over the Cabinet Office. The PM, in addition, retains other patronage powers. He still advises the Queen on new peerages, on appointments to the Privy Council and the grant of honours. The Prime Minister’s Office supports him in his role as head of government. This includes providing policy advice and ensuring effective communications to Parliament and the public. Most Prime Ministers must take a special interest in foreign affairs, the economy and defence. The Queen is Britain’s head of state, but the PM is Britain’s de facto representative abroad. He often takes a leading role in foreign relations, dealing directly with other heads of government, and is also likely to take the lead on major issues as the national and international response to the crisis in Libya. Another function of the PM is that he is also in a position to dominate if not control the government’s communication to the press, and to disclose information about government decisions and the Cabinet business. He has regular meetings with the Queen and is responsible for keeping the Queen informed of the Cabinet’s handling of affairs. As has become clear above, the PM is involved in all aspects of government in a way that no other government official is, and thus it is safe to say that, despite the limits on his power (see below), the PM can be considered the most influential person in politics. Limits of his power Despite the Prime Minister’s emerged position within British politics there are limits to his powers. Firstly, one great limit comes from the party he represents. If the PM loses the support from his party’s backbenchers, his position becomes very fragile. Therefore the biggest danger is that a Prime Minister builds up a range of enemies. One example for that is what happened to Margaret Thatcher, when another minister, who disagreed with her policies, put an effective revolt against her style of leadership, which led to her resignation. This means that if the PM loses the support of his party, he will almost always have to resign as PM, as he will not be able to exercise his role effectively. You read "The Powers of the Prime Minister" in category "Essay examples" Moreover, all Prime Ministers must include most senior party colleagues in the Cabinet, who could always be some troublemakers, if they don’t get the position they would like to have. The PM’s powers of appointment are also limited by the need to provide a balance of party views in the Cabinet. Therefore an authoritative leadership of the party is a main factor for a PM to be successful. Additionally there are other ways in which the PM’s powers are limited. For instance the fact that he is seen to be publicly responsible for any major mishap that occurs during his time in power. As the most known member of the government, it is he that the public blame when they aren’t satisfied with politics. Margaret Thatcher was held responsible for the problems in association with the Poll Tax and Tony Blair has been accused of being too friendly with the USA’ President Bush. This means that the electorate body has the power to remove the PM by way of elections, and so the PM is indirectly also controlled in this way. This is referred to as indirect as the body can not directly stop any decisions the PM makes, but can stop him from continuing in the office of PM when general elections take place by voting for another party. As another limitation can be seen the questioning time on Wednesday, which is an opportunity for the leader of the opposition and other members of the House of Commons to ask the PM supplementary questions on any subject. Therefore he is directly accountable to the Parliament for his actions and decisions. However, the PM will be extensively briefed by government departments in anticipation of likely subjects he could be asked about and they cannot force him to change his engagements. Additionally the European Union has the power to influence government policy by imposing on member states’ policies. Even though the Conservatives have generally not been very happy with this imposition on the British State, David Cameron still accepted when he became PM that the UK is part of the EU, and that therefore, it has to adhere to certain decisions. He, as PM, had to compromise on this point for him to effectively lead the country. Although the courts have long had the power to determine the existence and extent of a prerogative power, traditionally they have had no power to regulate the manner of its exercise. The position is now governed by the decision of the House of Lords in CCSU v Minister of State for Civil Service (1985). The judiciary placed some restraints on executive use of the royal prerogative. But not every prerogative power is justiciable: matters such as the appointment of Ministers, the disposition of the armed force and the dissolution of Parliament are still beyond judicial control.The justiciability of the prerogative powers could in theory have been a powerful limit on the PM’s powers. However, in practice it has shown this was not so, as only limited part of the prerogative powers is in fact justiciable and that there are limits to what extent remedies are available. Also, this limit does not prevent or deter the PM on acting in a particular way, it will only compensate certain gro ups or people after an event has occurred, and so does not even directly affect the PM. As seen above the Prime Minister has big political powers, but this power is also balanced by the fact that there are limitations to that power. Although some of these limitations are really effective, most of the powers of the PM can not easily be influenced. Is the Prime Minister too powerful? In the last 40 years the powers of the Prime Minister within the British political structure have developed to such an extent that some critical politicians and academics now refer to Britain as having a Prime Ministerial government rather than a Cabinet government. He is the „keystone of the Cabinet archâ€Å", occupying a position which is one of the exceptional and peculiar authority. In essence this means that the office of PM is very much attached to the person by which is meant that the individual PM has a discretion in which way to exercise his powers. If the PM is very popular than the limits given above will have very little effect as most of them are heavily dependent on the dislike of and disagreement with the PM and his politics. Recently, more emphasis has been placed on the role of the Prime Minister and less on the Cabinet itself and therefore it is argued that the description of British government simply as „Cabinet governmentâ€Å" had become misleading, for „the country is governed by the Prime Ministerâ€Å". The PM has three main functions, which give him his enormous powers within the British government: being able to appoint and dismiss ministers; by setting the agenda for Cabinet discussions, and by controlling the remit and membership of Cabinet committees. Certainly the way in which these powers are operated naturally differs from one PM to another. This is an immense concentration of power in the hands of the Prime Minister, particularly discharging is one of his ultimate weapons. The argument of prime ministerial dominance seemed to be confirmed by the premiership of Margaret Thatcher. By displacing some important decision-making to informal, ad hoc groups of ministers convened by herself she diminished the role of Cabinet and demonstrated the dominant authority that can be wielded by a PM. As evidence of strengthened prime ministerial control under Mr Blair can be also cited paragraph 9.2 of the Ministerial Code: In order to ensure the effective presentation of government policy, all major interviews and media appearances should be agreed with the No 10 Press Office before any commitments are entered into(†¦). As explained above, therefore the PM is in a position to dominate the government’s communication to the press. Another claim of his overwhelming power is that Cabinet meetings are too dominated by the PM. The members of the Cabinet are simply ‘yes-sayers’. „With Mr Tony Blair there has been a reversion to a „command and controlâ€Å" premiership with centralised and informal processes of decision-making tending to displace collective discussions in Cabinet and Cabinet committeesâ€Å". Also the doctrine of collective responsibility helps to strengthen the powers of the Prime Minister, as ministers must not criticise government policy in public. This is underlined by the fact that many decisions of government are not taken by the Cabinet as a whole, but by the Prime Minister in consultation with a few key colleagues. Moreover, there are those who believe that the personality of the Prime Minister is now almost as important as stated party policies. But the implication is that if people vote for personalities as much as issues, then the opponent has no chance of winning the next election as long as the current PM’s personality and manner are still popular with the people. All these facts have led some to seek ways to limit or control the power of the PM in order to rehabilitate the Cabinet government. Thus far, it has been established that the PM has great amounts of power and that it seems that Britain currently has a more prime ministerial government than a Cabinet government. However, to demonstrate whether the PM can be considered as too powerful, it would be best to compare his function with that of the German Federal Chancellor, who has the equivalent role in Germany. Even though the legal foundations of the political systems of the United Kingdom and Germany are very different, the roles of the PM and the Chancellor are in many ways very similar, and so this comparison would be a good way to show how powerful the PM actually is, and whether that could be considered as being too powerful. The German Chancellor is the head of government. Currently this position is held by Angela Merkel of the CDU. The Chancellor determines the guidelines of government policy, so called Richtlinienkompetenz. He is elected every four years by a majority of the members of the Bundestag upon the recommendation of the President. For this election a majority of all elected members of the Bundestag is required, which should ensure to establish a stable government. The Chancellor has the power to choose his ministers and to determines the number of ministries and their responsibilities. Another power is that the Chancellor himself can propose a vote of no confidence.Therefore he can test whether he still enjoys the unlimited support of the governing parties. The powers of the German Chancellor are also limited. Removing the Chancellor from office is an alternative when there is no more political consensus between the parties before a general elections for a new Bundestag.In the German history there have been only three occasions where this happened. This course of action was taken in order to prematurely dissolve the Bundestag, which according to the constitution is otherwise not possible. This ensures that no single party can form a government on its own. Furthermore limitations can be given from decisions of the Federal Constitutional court: It allows the authority and the citizens to present a complaint to abolish a law they found infringing the terms set in Basic Rights. In comparison to the Prime Minister the power to appoint members of high authority, legalise acts and dissolve parliament is vested in the German Bundesprasident. The fifty-year history of the Federal Republic has shown that despite the Chancellor’s strong position the ability of the government to act cannot be guaranteed by him alone. Even though the Chancellery makes it possible to impose central management and coordination, a non-hierarchical relationship between the Chancellor and his Ministers plays an important role in government practice. In this context the Cabinet deals with important interministerial issues such as the federal budget or tax reform and takes joint decisions on them (â€Å"principle of joint Cabinet decision-making†). In a government coalition the Chancellor is also bound by the terms of the coalition agreement and has to adhere to these terms to avoid straining the coalition. The â€Å"principle of joint Cabinet decision-making† means that the Chancellor and the Ministers decide jointly on matters of general political importance. When there are differences of opinion between Ministers the Chancellor mediates (as a â€Å"primus inter pares†). Cabinet decisions are based on majority rule. The â€Å"principle of ministerial autonomy† means that each Minister conducts the affairs of his ministry independently and on his own responsibility. This means that the Chancellor cannot automatically intervene in his Ministers’ areas of responsibility. At the same time Ministers must see to it that the decisions they take remain within the limits. As can be seen by this comparison the British PM and the Chancellor in theory have very similar powers, but in practice the PM has a lot more power than the Chancellor as he has more discretion about the execution of these powers. However, before one can say that this means he is too powerful, the effectiveness of the functions of Prime Minister and Chancellor have to be compared. In fact, in the six decades of the Bundestag, there have been only eight Chancellors – a remarkable element of stability. In the same period of time, Britain has had 14 Prime Ministers. In the British parliamentary system usually only has one party in power, because the first-past-the-post system there favours the strongest party. There have only been a few hung parliaments. The latest elections resulted in this, and currently the UK has a coalition government, existing out of the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. In May there will be a referendum to change the voting system, and if the voting system as a consequence of this is in fact changed to one of additional voting, then this might all change. Since Germany has a system of proportional representation for the election of its lower house, no one party has ever had a clear majority in the last 60 years, and for this reason all German governments have been coalitions. Finally, there is the question, which reforms of the PM’s position are could be made, and what their advantages and disadvantages would be. One way of reform would be the limit of the PM’s power to a greater extent to prevent the role of PM to be so attached to the person, and instead to be more like the German Chancellor’s position, whose powers are more controlled by the political process. The House of Commons Public Administration Select Committee recommended that the government should initiate a public consultation about Minister’s executive powers, which would include proposals for legislation to provide for greater parliamentary control over all such ministerial powers. Furthermore, changing the way in which Cabinet meetings and decisions are made would be helpful in a similar way. The PM would still lead the Cabinet, but could not unilaterally ignore their opinions and views and would be forced to take them into account. In addition, by giving the PM perhaps also a more mediating role rather than just a leading role, the resources of various departments would come to better use. The PM would by supporting the other ministers in their responsibilities and by organising better co-operation between the different ministerial departments achieve better results. The better these departments function with each other, the less dependent they would be on the PM, and in that way his power would be limited. In my opinion the rules regarding the operation of parliament and its processes should be clearer as they would provide for another method of limiting the PM’s power. It can also be argued that the entire office of the PM should codified in a statute. The move away from an unwritten constitution – with statutory provisions – limits the PM’s scope,for example an Act of Parliament which states that there has to be a PM, how and who should be appointed for the role, and what the powers attached to this position would be. Lastly, the changing of the voting system might lead to far reaching consequences for the office of PM, as explained above. However, at this point, this is all theory as the referendum still has to take place, and even if it takes place, it might show people do not wish a change in the voting system. Even if it does, the politicians will still first have to act on this before anything changes. As this should make clear there are ways in which the position of the Prime Minister can be reformed in a way that will limit his power to the extent that he is no longer too powerful, but still powerful enough to carry out his function in an appropriate way. Conclusion The British Prime Minister has extensive personal power, which prevent there from being an „averageâ€Å" Prime Minister. The power of the PM will change according to the personality of the PM, his popularity, the success of his government, external circumstances and the resources of other actors within the core executive.James Barber argued that by putting the three factors together – constitutional and political frameworks, circumstance and personality – the picture that emerges is one of fluctuating powers, whereby sometimes a PM may appear to have presidential-like position, and at others he is subject to obvious constraints. All these things will have an important effect on how powerful the PM is. As written above, there are some possibilities in which way his power can be reduced and more controlled, and in that way to achieve a â€Å"Cabinet government† rather than a prime ministerial government. The PM should not be a presidential figure, but able to lead the Cabinet and ensure that decisions are made. Bibliography Books: Bogdanor, Vernon _The New British Constitution, 2009 The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century, 2004_____Bradley, A. W. / Ewing, K. D._Constitutional Administrative Law, 15th ed. 2010__Brazier, Rodney_Constitutional Texts – Materials on Government and the Constitution, 1990 Constitutional Reform – Reshaping the British political system __Hilaire, Barnett_Constitutional Administrativ Law, 6th ed.__Loveland, Ian_Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights – A critical introduction, 2006. __Maurer/ Hartmut_Staatsrecht I – Grundlagen, Verfassungsorgane, Staatsfunktionen, 3th ed__Oliver, Dawn_Government in the United Kingdom, 1991__Parpworth, Neil_Constitutional and Administrative Law, 5th ed. 2008__Turpin, Colin / Tomkins, Adam_British Government and the Constitution, 6th ed. 2007__ Articles: Benn, article in Parliamentary Affairs, 1990. Theakston / Kevin – Prime Ministers and the Constitution, in Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 58 No.1, 2005, 17-37. Heffernan, article in Parliamentary Affairs, 2005. Hennessy, article in Parliamnetary Affairs, 2005 How to cite The Powers of the Prime Minister, Essay examples

PLASTIC SURGERY IN THE WORLD Essay Example For Students

PLASTIC SURGERY IN THE WORLD Essay We are living in an incredible age. Technologic improvements have changed almost everything in our lives. Today we can do many jobs more easily and faster than we did in the past. Our life expectations are increasing steadly, and we are asking for more and more. In recent years a new field in medicine has been held, and it is called plastic surgery. It has made many peoples dreams come true, and d its popularity is rising everyday. In fact, plastic surgerycan make people feel much happier, and it also gives cures for many suffering such as being overweight, cuts after an accident birth defects. The first and most importantreason to be against haveing plastic surgery is that theese kinds of operation are very dangerous and maybe harmful to peoples health. To begin with, it is possible that something can go wrong during the operation, and it may be result in a worse physical appearance. Even the operation may cause patients to die during the operation or later. Another reason why people should not have plastic surgery is that it can be addictive. For example, after a person has an aesthetic operation for the first time, he or she will probablywant to do it again. That is because peoples wishes for being more beautiful never come to an end. Besides, all people have defects and nobody can be perfect. Even the miracles which plastik surgery creat can not change this basic fact. All in all, people should not change their lookings by having plastic surgery for it is very dangerous and can be addictive and also it gives a mock beautyto people. In my opinion having an aesthetic operation to look better is just like opening the door of a mock heaven. People should be satisfied with their own, natural lookings and they should not be interested in just how they look. .

The Eruption of Toba

Introduction The largest volcanic explosion in the late Pleistocene occurred in Lake Toba, approximately 72,500 (+- 3000) years ago. The super eruption of Toba has attracted a lot of scientific disrepute due to various reasons. When viewed from space, the caldera is observed as one of the biggest volcanic craters on earth, since it measures over 100km.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Eruption of Toba specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the steep was of the caldera is lake Toba. This lake is said to be the largest volcanic lake on earth. Various scientists including Gasparotto, Spadaforab, Summac, Tateoc, Spadafora and Summa (567) and Jones, Gregory and Stott (725) sugest that the eruption resulted in a massive volcanic winter that caused a human population bottleneck. Super-volcanoes are colossal eruptions that are referred to as super-eruptions, and they vary from other catastrophes like tsunamis or earthquakes since their environmental outcomes threaten global civilization (Buhring and Sarnthein 277). These super eruptions are known to occur once in about 500,000 years, like the largest Yellowstone eruption in the USA, or the Toba eruption in Indonesia. Figure 1: Distribution of volcanic ash from the 73 ka Toba super-eruption showing location of marine cores and sections sampled in India According to Ninkovich, Sparks and Ledbetter (5), super-eruptions occur in areas of the earth where the tectonic plates collide. Ambrose, Williams and Chattopadhyaya (167) also suggest that super-eruptions can occur in areas where hot material wells up from the deep earth interior below a continent.Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Williams and Clarke (633), there are many regions on earth that are suspected of volcanic activity, like Andes and Japan. A cause for concern i s the location of super-volcanoes within or near continents, which impies that these vents are situated in areas that have crowded populations (Lang, Leuenberger Schwander 934). This paper looks at the eological setting of Toba, in an effort to understand the super eruption and its probable effects. In doing this, this study seekd to validat that the eruption resulted in the putative bottleneck. Table 1:  Particle size distribution of the YTT ash at the Rehi section, Son valley, India. Geological Setting of Toba Toba is located in western Indonesia, in the island of Sumatra, in the north province. It is found in the Barisan Mountains as shown in figure 1. Fig. 2: Tectonic setting and location map (inset) of the Toba Caldera. Tectonic map modified from Simkin et al. (2006).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Eruption of Toba specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These mountains comprise metamorphic rock s, Quaternary volcanic and Miocene sedimentary rocks (Ambrose 274). De Silva (671) suggests that Indian-Austrlain plate located beneath the continental Eurasisn subdues a the rate of aproximately 5.5cm.year, towards the Sunda trench, which has resulted in the formation of an active volcanic (Gathorne-Hardy and Harcourt-Smith 228). Sadler and Grattan (186) suggest that the crust is about 30 to 39 km thick under Toba, with a visible depth of around 125 km (De Silva 671). This is an indication of a 30 degrees subduction angle, which has caused the formation of two parallel faults that lie between the trench and vulcanic arc. One of the faults, the vertical Sumatran, marks the border between the Eurasian plate and most of the Volcanic arc and fore arc basin on the north east and south west respectively. The other fault, Mentawai, forms the division between the fore arc basin and the fore arc accretionary sridge complex in the southwest direction (Erwin Vogel 894). According to Westgate , Shane and Pearce there is a dxtral displacement aong the Sumatran Fault. The displacement extends for about 150 km. It is referred to as the Investogator Ridge Fracture Zon (IFZ), with a subduction that is directly nelow Toba. The results of a geometry assessemt of the subduction slab beneath Toba by Chesner et. al. (201) suggest that there is a bend in the slab that coincides with Toba.Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The study also showed high seismicity along the subducted portion of the IFZ, which suggests the probability of IFZ concentrating volatile release into the mantle wedge beneath Toba (Chesner et. al 201). Figure 3: Bathymetric map of Lake Toba. Depth is represented by isochromes; 100 m contour lines are plotted for reference. The Toba Super eruption The single event of the Toba eruption resulted in a minimum magma eruption of 2,800 km. The magnitude of the eruption was noted as 8.8, which made it one of the largest eruptions in the Quaternary geologic period. The super eruption caused an injection of over 1015 kg of fine ash into stratosphere, while the pyroclastic flows extended for an area of approximately 105 km2 with lava reaching both the Malacca straits and the Indian Ocean. Kelly, Jones and Pengqun (550) suggest that there are layers of tephra in India, at a location that is over 3000 km away from Toba. The ignimbrite extended from one coast to the next, causing a wide area o f the North Sumatra to be drowned. Moreover, there was an aerosol cloud and dust cloud that covered the globe. The possible effects of the cataclysmic eruption include the total obliteration of both flora and fauna in North Sumatra by the ignimbrite, considerable effects on flora and fauna by ash fall in Southeast Asia, as well as, the regional or global change in temperature and effects on the environment. The Toba Catastrophist Theory The Toba catastrophe theory suggests that the super-eruption resulted in the population decline. Scientists suggest that the super-eruption is the worst disaster that human beings have ever been faced. The volcano eruption in Toba resulted in the exhaustion of large amounts of fine ash and aerosols into the atmospheres. The expulsion of these fumes is compared to nuclear-winter situations (Samuel, Harbury, Bakri, Banner Hartono 350), since the global land temperatures fell by 5-15 degrees Celsius, and the surface of the ocean, and other low altitude s, cooled by 2-6 degrees Celsius. This scenario is thought to have prolonged for several years. As a result, the persistence of soot in the atmosphere for 3 years or so may have resulted in a cooling of the climate (Pattan, Shane Banakar 244). This climatic change is though to have extended for several decades, due to the climatic feedbacks such as increased snow cover and sea ice, resulting in less solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface. Consequently, the earth’s temperature remained low since the ground and atmosphere were not heated up. Researchers suggest that the human population faced a bottleneck during this period, due to the rapid decline in the number of females by about 500, in a population that was thought to have only 4000 individuals (Hawks, Hunley, Lee Wolpoff 18). Data suggests that the eruption caused a peak in sulfur aerosol levels in the GISPs ice core, in addition to the global climatic change. According to ice core data, the weather was coo ler for several centuries after the eruption of Toba. Based on the estimates, the Toba eruption resulted in the near extinction of modern humans. Ambrose, Williams and Chattopadhyaya suggest that this led to the human population, though Oppenheimer (1593) provides an alternative hypothesis, arguing that the Toba super-eruption did not have a significant effect on human existence. Oppenheimer (1593) suggests that human beings should not have been the only ones facing termination. According to Rose and Chesner (913), the Toba induced winter should have resulted in an environmental catastrophe resulting in a population crash of more specialised ecological flora and fauna, causing them to be extinct, in a similar manner that it affected human population. In support of this notion, Gates and Ritchie suggest that the Toba super-eruption did not lead to the extinction of any mammal. In adtion to this, studies by Gathorne-Hardy and Harcourt-Smith (228), on the effects of super-eruptions on flora and fauna suggest that they do not result in mass extinctions, which disapproves the Toba catastrophe theory. According to Gasparotto, Spadafora and Summa (569), a bottleneck in human populations would have assumed the shape of an hour glass, causing the human population to crash at 73.5 Ka and then expand again later. According to Schulz, Emeis and Erlenkeuser (22), the studies on human genome that analyse nuclear sequences suggest that the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA support the existence of a bottleneck. Consequently, Robock, Ammann and Oman (114) support the possibility of a bottleneck, though they raise concerns about the time when the bottleneck is expected to have occurred. Some research suggests that the phenomena occurred over 2 million years ago (Petraglia, Clarkson and Ditchfield 114), while other researchers provide evidence of a long period of stasis that was followed by a population expansion around 75,000 years ago. The different opinions with regard to t he bottleneck differ on the timing of the event, which raises concerns as to whether it was caused by the super-eruption at Toba. Differences also arise based on the shape of the bottleneck, in terms of an hourglass model or a short bottle with a long neck. The hourglass model suggests a short period of human population decrease, followed by an expansion, while the long neck period indicates a proonged period of winter, and low population density (Rampino and Ambrose 274). However, the hourglass shaped bottleneck is dispreuted due to its timing of the expansion, which is proposed to have a minimum range of 50,000 years. Consquently, the super-eruption of Toba was unlikely to have resulted in the bottleneck (Rampino and Self 75). In addition to this, studies by McBrearty and Brooks on the Middle and Late Pleistocene human sites in Africa show that by 73.5 Ka, modern humans occupied a variety of habitats around the African continent. The human beings were also noted to be considerably adaptable and resourceful, with the ability to hunt and perform other tasks requiring skill (Westgate, Shane and Pearce). Conclusions In conclusion, it has been established that the super-eruption of Toba resulted in a severe climate change; however, there is inadequate evidence to support the notion that it caused a bottleneck in human population. Studies suggest that the effects were localized. In addition to this, research shows that the super-eruption had negligible effect on the Asian population, and none in Africa. During the time, human beings were adaptable, mobile and well equipped, which made them fully capable of handling the effects of the Toba phenomena. Moreover, the studies suggest that the super-eruption did not result in the extinction or decline of any fauna. Consequently, it is evident that the super-eruption of Toba did not result in human, flora or fauna bottleneck (Thornton 34). Figure 4: Sonar profiles along selected transect lines. Works Cited Ambrose, Stan ley H., Martin Anthony J. Williams and Umesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya. â€Å"Environmental impact of the 73 ka Toba eruption reflected by paleosol carbonate carbon isotope ratios in central India.† Quaternary International. 1.8 (2007): 167 –168. Print. Ambrose, Stanley H. â€Å"Did the super-eruption of Toba cause a human bottleneck? Reply to Gathorne-Hardy and Harcourt-Smith.† Journal of Hu man Evolutio. 45 (2003): 231 – 237. Print. Buhring, Christian and Michael Sarnthein. â€Å"Toba ash layers in the South China Sea: Evidence of contrasting wind directions during eruption ca. 74 ka.† Geology. 28 (2000): 275–278. Print. Chesner, C.A., Rose, W. I., Deino, A., Drake, R., Westgate, J.A. â€Å"Eruptive histo ry of earth’s largest Quaternary caldera (Toba, Indonesia) clarified.† Geology. 19 (1991): 200– 203. Print. De Silva, Shanaka. â€Å"Arc magmatism, calderas and supervolcanoes.† Geology. 36 (2008): 671 – 67 2. Print. Erwin, Douglas H. and T. A. Vogel. â€Å"Testing for causal relationships between large pyroclastic volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions.† Geophysical Research Letters. 19.9 (1992): 893–896. Print. Gasparotto, Giorgio, Elena Spadaforab, Vito Summac and Fabio Tateoc. â€Å"Contribution of grain size and compositional data from the Bengal Fan sediment to the understanding of Toba volcanic event.† Marine Geology. 162.2-4 (2000): 561 – 572. Print. Gates, Alexander E. and David Ritchie. Encyclope dia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 3rd edition. New York: Facts on File. 2007. Print. Gathorne-Hardy, F.J. and W.E.H Harcourt-Smith. â€Å"The super-eruption of Toba, did it cause a human bottleneck?† Journal of Human Evolution. 45 (2003): 227– 230. Print. Hawks, John, Keith Hunley, Sang-Hee Lee and Milford Wolpoff. â€Å"Population Bottle necks and Pleistocene Human Evolution.† Molecular Biology and Evolution. 17.1 (2000): 12–2 2. Print. Lang, C., M. Leuenberger and J. Schwander. â€Å"Rapid temperature variation in Central Greenland 70,000 years ago.† Science. 286 (1999): 934–937. Print. Jones, G.S., R.S.J.,Sparks and P.J. Valdes. â€Å"An AOGCM model of the climate response to a volcanic super-eruption.† Climate Dynamics. 25 (2005): 725 – 738. Print. Jones, M.T., R.S.J. Sparks and P.J. Valdes. â€Å"The climatic impact of supervolcanic ash blankets.† Climate Dynamics. 29 (2007): 553– 564. Print. Kelly, P.M., P.D. Jones and J. Pengqun. â€Å"The spatial response of the climate system to explosive volcanic eruptions.† International Journal of Climatology. 16 (1996): 537 – 550. Print. McBrearty, Sally and Alison S. Brooks. â€Å"The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior.† Journal of Human Evolution. 39.5 (2000): 453–563. Print. Ninkovich, D., R.S.J. Sparks and M.T., Ledbetter. â€Å"Th e exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, Sumatra: an example of the use of deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool.† Bulletin Volcanologique. 41.3 (1978): 1 –13. Print. Oppenheimer, C. â€Å"Limited global change due to the largest known Quaternary eruption?† Quaternary Science Reviews. 21.14-15 (2002): 1593 –1609. Print. Pattan, J.N., Phil Shane and V.K. Banakar. â€Å"New occurrence of youngest Toba tuff in abyssal sediments of the central Indian Basin.† Mar. Geol. 155 (1999): 243–248. Print. Petraglia, M., R., Korisettar, N., Boivin, et al. â€Å"Middle Pleistocene assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption.† Science. 317 (2007): 114 –116. Print. Rampino, M.R. and S. Self. â€Å"Climate-volcanism feedback and the Toba eruption of 74 000 years ago.† Quaternary Research. 40 (1993): 269– 280. Print. Rampino, M.R. and S.H Ambrose. â€Å"Volca nic winter in the Garden of Eden: The Toba supereruption and the late Pleistocene human population crash.† Volcanic Hazards and Disasters in Human Antiquity: Geological Society of America. 345 (2000): 71 – 82. Print. Robock, A., C. Ammann, L. Oman, D. Shindell, S. Levis, and G. Stenchikov. â€Å"Did the Toba volcanic eruption of 74 ka B.P. produce widespread glaciation?† Journal of Geophysical Research (2009): 114. Print. Rose, W.I. and C.A. Chesner. â€Å"Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka.† Geology 15.10 (1987): 913– 917. Print. Sadler, J.P. and J.P. Grattan. â€Å"Volcanoes as agents of past environmental change.† Global and Planetary Change. 21.1-3 (1999): 181 – 196. Print. Samuel, M.A., N.A.Harbury, A. Bakri, F. Banner and L. Hartono. â€Å"A new stratigraphy for the islands of the Sumatran Forearc, Indonesia.† Journal of Asian Earth Sciences.15 (1997): 339–380. Print. Thornton, Ian.W.B. Krakatau, the destructio n and reassembly of an island ecosystem. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press. 1996. Print. Schulz, H., et al. â€Å"The Toba volcanic event and interstadial/stadial climates at the marine isotope stage 5 to 4 transition in the northern Indian Ocean.† Quaternary Research. 57 (2002): 22 – 31. Print. Westgate, J.A., et al. â€Å"All Toba tephra occurrences across peninsular India belong to the 75, 000 yr B.P. eruption.† Quaternary Research. 50 (1998): 107 –112. Print. Williams, M.A.J. and M.F. Clarke. â€Å"Late Quaternary environments in north central India.† Nature. 308 (1984): 633– 635. Print. Zielinski, Gregory A. â€Å"Use of paleo-records in determining variability within the volcanism-climate system.† Quaternary Science Reviews. 19.1-5 (2000): 417–438. Print. List of illustrations Tables Table 1: Particle size distribution of the YTT ash at the Rehi section, Son valley, India Figures Figure 1: Dist ribution of volcanic ash from the 73 ka Toba super-eruption showing location of marine cores and sections sampled in India Fig. 2: Tectonic setting and location map (inset) of the Toba Caldera Figure 3: Bathymetric map of Lake Toba. Depth is represented by isochromes; 100 m contour lines are plotted for reference. Figure 4: Sonar profiles along selected transect lines This research paper on The Eruption of Toba was written and submitted by user Nakia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Robert Gober essays

Robert Gober essays Through researching, I come to know that Robert Gober is an extraordinary American artist who has contributed many exclusive sculptures to the art gallery. Most of his works are from his imagination and daily life acquaintances. For instant, his sculptures are as much about jokes, puns, and slips of the tongue of everyday life and they also reveal the distressing scenes of early childhood. In both their content and fabrication, Gober's objects address the repetitious nature of the everyday. This is all to say that some of Gober's objects are funny; and that their humor is of a daily nature. Although there are some unpleasant aspects of the project, which he created, has diminished my affection for his artwork. The sexuality and the coarse icons perform in his art style give the artwork an unattractive, repulsive appearance. If Gober ever receives any fame for his sculptures, it is because of his brilliant, eccentric idea for the artwork. Gober has developed a unique sculptural practice that links many of the issues underlying Surrealism, Minimalism, and Conceptualism to psychological questions concerning the body and our domestic environment (Wallingford). With these representations, his sculptures typically explore the themes of childhood, memory, loss and sexuality. Gober's work is about a fantasy of being an artista fantasy in which creativity never involves immersing yourself in the overarching logic of a formal language. Described J. Simmon, an interviewer (Perl). Gober figures to be an unique American artist who always dream up amusing and crazy stuff which other artists would never think of for their artwork. His images evolve from our everyday domestic lives and are transformed into the most realistic objects that distinguish between reality and dream. Simple but full of complexity, Gobers uses variety of body figure and regular craftsmanship in the artwork to portray his sophist ...

Cameron Auto Parts Case Study

Cameron Auto Parts was founded in 1965 after the signing of the U. S. and Canada Auto Pact. The main consumers were the Big Three automotive manufacturers and the company prospered in this new business environment. In 2000, problems started to occur in the company. First, a consequent drop of the sales of more than 50% happened. Second, the Japanese were great competitors and took advantage of the market opportunities in Canada. Alex took the control in 2001 in order to implement a process of modernization of the company. His â€Å"operation survival† consists of cutting the production costs by being more focused on the workforce (mainly lay-offs). Although is it difficult to manage a financial problem, Cameron faced serious â€Å"gaps† in this function. In 2003, the situation of Alex familial company is stabilized, even if there is a need to invest in another plant. As Cameron was not financially ready to make such a progress, the first option was, on one end, to wait and generate more profits leading to more financial stability through exports. On the other end, the company can choose to license the production of the flexible coupling with McTaggart. In this case, Cameron is the licensor and McTaggart, the licensee. The licensor shares patents, copyrights or trademarks and gets royalty fees in return. In 2004, Alex signed a five years licensing agreement with McTaggart. Following this agreement, McTaggart had to pay $100,000 fee in advance in order to help Cameron to recover and a royalty of 3% on the first $1 million of sales and 2% on the second. In case McTaggart reached a higher level of technology, it would also have the obligation to share at least one of them with Cameron. Alex realized that the plant cannot afford both systems because the costs of expanding the activity were too high and required too many of the companys resources. Moreover, the companys financial situation could not permit Cameron to implement a plant expansion. The potential in the European market is a great way to expand a business although the culture is different. It is difficult to adapt a North American business system to a European system. Exporting to the European market means that the average European customer will have to pay the international fees (about 20 per cent more than North Americans because of taxes). By granting McTaggart a license, Alex ensures a quick and minimize the risks while penetrating the U. K and European markets. Although there are many advantages when licensing, there are other consequences such as sharing not only profits, but also knowledge, and so Cameron’s intellectual property. The advantages of licensing McTaggart are numerous. The low investment costs, reduced financial risks, and economies of scope are very interesting when implementing an activity’s expansion. Cameron is concerned about its financial situation and licensing provides them a higher security. It is a quick market entry with a minimized risk of poor performance from the licensee, McTaggart, which is already and directly running operations in the U. K. On the contrary, the risk of image loss, the distance between both countries leading to communication losses, the lack of revenue, and the shared profits are some disadvantages to take into account when implementing a license strategy. Exporting also has its advantages and disadvantages. First, it provides independence, a higher control over the quality of final products, economies of scale, and a higher, non-shared profit. In this case, disadvantages are numerous. The lack of capacity of Cameron limits its ability to expand its business through exports. Plus, the different currency represents a risk as currencies’ value varies greatly on the short term. There are also high investment costs, a limited knowledge of the U. K. and European market, the costs of transportation and the trade barriers. Considering the companys financial situation, the costs and risks of penetrating a new market, we think that Alex should license McTaggart. It is clear that McTaggart is the perfect business partner. This company owns all the tools necessary to concretely produce and sell the flexible couplings. They are able to sell the product very fast and build a strong and sustainable relationship with Cameron. McTaggart is experienced in this business and Cameron can benefit from it to increase production capacities. They have a solid reputation and a great financial situation. The sales persons are very involved concerning the marketing and selling of the products. They have high manufacturing capacities and are willing to invest and develop the manufacturing capability to efficiently produce the flexible couplings. Additionally, their client base is essential. Licensing McTaggart is the best choice Cameron can do to improve its situation.

Funding Healthcare System, Sharing Risk and Portfolio Theory Thesis

Funding Healthcare System, Sharing Risk and Portfolio Theory - Thesis Example 10). These processes are vital for the policy makers as well as planners who often face challenges in designing health care funding systems towards meeting the specific social, economics, and political objectives. Many countries are ever under constant pressure in issues related to social policies since they often experience increased expenditure and scarce resources. Nonetheless, the policy makers must analyze the following three options: increasing health care funding and containing costs or both. The heath care funding and expenditure crisis have introduced radical changes in the organizational and funding mechanisms within the health care sectors (Grossman, 2011; pg. 12). Since the 1970s, the cost containment is the principal driving factor in the discussion of the health care policies especially in the industrialized nations. Despite the underlying challenges in funding health care systems, an articulated and a well balance budget will provide sufficient revenue towards managing health care systems. Notably, nations have restrained themselves from bulk revenue borrowing; otherwise, economies have shift to sound economic policies with focus on revenue policies. Can these changes produce sufficient and sustainable health care funding systems? Literature Review Government or associated organizations often pay the bulk of the funding of the health care services. The major part of these funds is generated from the tax collected from the citizens of such nations. For instance, in the United Kingdom has a single payer system that governs its healthcare systems (Grossman, 2011; pg. 72). The UK taxation and health care funding system take funds directly from the government to the health care systems. In other nations like Germany and France, the government collect tax from the citizens and only fund part of the health care systems towards paying individuals and employees among other involved costs. In other nations such as America, a certain portion of the health c are system is often market based. In the market based funding systems, the health care systems are paid for by the private entities including employers and individuals. Moreover, the market-based systems require governments to provide health care to the vulnerable persons (Elton and Gruber, 1999). For example, in the United States, it is the responsibility of the federal government to fund health care systems towards supporting the disable and the elderly through its federal supported Medicaid program. On the other hand, the federal and state supported Medicaid program aims at covering the health care services for the low-income earners. These two different health care funding approaches have their different distinct applicability within the health care sector. Individuals and private organizations generally deliver the market-based systems. Moreover, a part of the systems is usually subjected to a certain level of competition. Market base funding systems is often open to many suppl iers, providers, and payers as well as persons with insurance that aims at serving their specific medical needs (Glied and Smith, 2011). In such funding mechanisms, doctors may be given a benefit of practice as a guideline that direct them of when and what different treatment to be applied; however, they are ever free in making care decisions depending on

Relationship between the subject you have chosen and the Bible Essay

Relationship between the subject you have chosen and the Bible - Essay Example It has been conjectured that the Hebrew Bible assumed its present form around the second century AD (Encyclopaedia Britannica). Interestingly, those believe in the Bible contend that it is perfect and that though science has been subject to errors, no such defect is to be found in the Bible. These people further contend that whatever pertaining to science is mentioned in the Bible, is totally accurate (Encyclopaedia Britannica). God provided man with considerable information in the Bible, and only now has science started to catch up with this information. The Bible is correct when it discusses even the most difficult subjects in nature or physics. God was favourably disposed to the patriarch Abraham, whom he promised at Genesis 13:16 to provide with innumerable descendants (Let Us Reason). Cosmology was nothing new to the Hebrew Bible, which clearly states at Genesis 15:5 that the stars are uncountable. This is reiterated at Jeremiah 33:32, which declares that the stars cannot be cou nted. At this juncture, it should be noted that these biblical quotes related to a time when there were no telescopes. At that stage of development, man was able to number the stars. For instance, Hipparchus, arrogantly declared that the number of stars was 1,026. This was increased to 1,056 by the Roman Ptolemy after 150 years (Let Us Reason). Moreover, in the year 1608, Galileo invented the telescope, which brought about a rapid increase in the number of stars seen by man. Around 100 billion stars have been seen with modern 200 – inch telescopes, and this is with regard to just the Milky Way, our galaxy. The number of stars is overwhelming, given that there are billions of galaxies (Let Us Reason). This indicates the foresight of the Hebrew Bible. Modern high powered telescopes have led astronomers to the conclusion that there are more than 100 billion stars in our galaxy and that there are at least 100 billion galaxies in the known universe. The number of stars has been es timated by Henry Morris to be at least 1024 stars (Let Us Reason). However, it has been contended that the Bible has contributed significantly to the development of modern science. Biblical content could be interpreted either to confirm or oppose scientific claims. There was no uniformity of interpretation and the extant requirements would dictate the interpretation to be made. During the 16th and 17th centuries, important changes were made to the interpretation of the Bible (Harrison 115). Consequently, the previous practice of allegorical interpretation was being discarded for interpretation that was based on the historical or literal sense. At this juncture, Protestant reformers and humanist scholars brought about a system of interpreting nature on the basis of taxonomic and mathematical considerations (Harrison 115). One of the books of the Hebrew Bible or what the Christians term the Old Testament is the Leviticus. This book was written before 1400 BC. It provides a description of the value of blood. Thus, Leviticus 17:11 states that ‘‘For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you upon the altar to make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood that makes atonement for the soul (Clarifying Christianity).† This depiction is mirrored to some extent by science, which states that blood transports water and nourishment to the cells of the body, controls the temperature of the body, and

Time Management Essay Example for Free

Time Management Essay One of the most important aspects of completing an education course is the amount of time spent on your course study. The better you are at setting aside regular study time and keeping to a schedule, the more successful you’ll be in completing your course work with a satisfactory grade. Completion won’t happen if you are a procrastinator! So, take a few moments before starting your course to think about your schedule. Be realistic. If you find yourself falling behind, reevaluate your priorities and make adjustments where needed. Here are some additional things to think about: Set aside dedicated study time (maybe in 1/2 hour chunks) and let nothing interrupt this time. Break assignments into small tasks that can be accomplished in given time periods. Determine what time of day is your best. Tackle the more difficult tasks during this time of day to take advantage of your greatest concentration and attention level. Establish one or more quiet, comfortable study areas where you have easy access to all necessary materials. Make your selection based on acceptable noise levels, light level, study-conducive furniture (chair and/or desk or study table), and minimal distractions. Keep in mind the time it takes to travel between home, school, work, and your selected study spot. If your instructor has not provided course deadlines, set them yourself and stick with them. If you start falling behind, set aside more time to catch up. Don’t put off completing your coursework to the end of your enrollment period. Do not let a problem or lack of understanding hold you up – set it aside for a short time so you can come back to it with fresh eyes. If you still don’t get it – ask for help from your instructor or from other students in the class. If this is the first distance course you’ve taken, you may soon see how easy it is to fall behind your intended schedule. By setting mid-course targets that are realistic and obtainable, you can complete the course successfully and count distance learning as another accomplishment! The institution will maintain an academic environment in which freedom to teach, conduct research, learn and administer the university is protected. Students will benefit from this environment by accepting responsibility for their role in the academic community. The principles of the student code are designed to encourage communication, foster academic integrity and defend freedoms of inquiry, discussion and expression across the university community. Institution requires students to conduct themselves honestly and responsibly, and to respect the rights of others. Conduct that unreasonably interferes with the learning environment or violates the rights of others is prohibited. Students and student organizations are responsible for ensuring that they and their guests comply with the code while on property owned or controlled by the university or at activities authorized by the university. The university may initiate disciplinary action and impose disciplinary sanctions against any student or student organization found responsible for committing, attempting to commit or intentionally assisting in the commission of any of the following prohibited forms of conduct: * cheating, plagiarism or other forms of academic dishonesty * forgery, falsification, alteration or misuse of documents, funds or property * damage or destruction of property * theft of property or services * harassment * endangerment, assault or infliction of physical harm * disruptive or obstructive actions * misuse of firearms, explosives, weapons, dangerous devices or dangerous chemicals * failure to comply with university directives * misuse of alcohol or other intoxicants or drugs * violation of published university policies, regulations, rules or procedures * any other actions that result in unreasonable interference with the learning environment or the rights of others. This list is not intended to define prohibited conduct in exhaustive terms, but rather offers examples as guidelines for acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Honesty is a primary responsibility of you and every other UAF student. The following are common guidelines regarding academic integrity: 1. Students will not collaborate on any quizzes, in-class exams, or take-home exams that contribute to their grade in a course, unless the course instructor grants permission. Only those materials permitted by the instructor may be used to assist in quizzes and examinations. 2. Students will not represent the work of others as their own. A student will attribute the source of information not original with himself or herself (direct quotes or paraphrases) in compositions, theses, and other reports. No work submitted for one course may be submitted for credit in another course without the explicit approval of both instructors. Alleged violations of the Code of Conduct will be reviewed in accordance with procedures specified in regents’ policy, university regulations and UAF rules and procedures. For additional information and details about the Student Code of Conduct, contact the dean of student affairs, visit www. alaska. edu/bor/ or refer to the student handbook that is printed in the back of the class schedule for each semester. Students are encouraged to review the entire code.

War and College :: essays research papers

War and College Many of the titles of Ernest Hemingway’s stories are ironic, and can be read on a number of different levels; Soldiers Home is no exception. The story is told of a young man, Harold Krebs, who recently returned form World War I, and has moved back into his parent’s house while he figures out what he to do with life. In reality he has no home, his parent’s middle-class lifestyle used to feel like home, but no longer does. This is actually not an uncommon scenario among young people, especially college students returning to the womb of their childhood again.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Krebs situation is more dramatic than those who have been released off to college. He has not only lived on his own, but been traumatized by life and death situations his parents couldn’t even begin to understand. Hemingway does not divulge why Krebs was the last person from his home town to return from war. Whenever he was in the intervening time, by the time, by the time he Watrous 2 gets home, the novelty of the returning soldiers have found a niche for themselves in the community, but Harold needs a bit longer to get his bearings. The problem has to do with Krebs definition of who he has become. He recognizes he has changed, and this change is played out dramatically against the backdrop of a town where nothing else has changed since high school. This short story is easy to relate to from the perspective of a college student. In relation to going back â€Å"home† is like dealing with all the drama that you endure through high school. It’s especially difficult for me, because my parents moved to another state, so part of my home is unnatural to me. Also the aspects of the same girls, his father still driving the same car and parking it in the same spot is all relative to my situation. There are many reasons for Krebs not being able to adjust to things back in Oklahoma. If you look at what he was doing before the war, you can distinguish the differences from going overseas. Prior to the war he was attending a Methodist school in Kansas and was not out of place then. Its almost symbolic that Hemingway chose Kansas of all places due to the famous saying from the Wizard of Oz â€Å"were not in Kansas anymore;† basically saying that war is like living in whole new world.

Learning Team Project Charter Essay

Introduction A company is looking to upgrade its current database system. The company has multiple locations nationwide with the main headquarters located in Southern California. Currently, each location has its own database that is not online and only contains the local sites information. The database holds employee’s personal information as well as payroll information. They would like to have one large database that is networked together and accessible by all sites at any time. Scope This project will upgrade the company’s database system within Human Resources. All database information will now be stored on the new database server that will be installed at the main headquarters. The database servers that are already installed at each local site will be reconfigured to send and receive updates to the main server so that all database servers are mirrored. Hard disk drive space will be upgraded to account for database growth at each location. Employees that require access to this database will need approval from the Human Resources department to protect employee information. This project will not update the actual database software but will reconfigure the software to be accessible across the company network as well as combine all database information into one large database. A new task of nightly backups will be initiated at the main headquarters once the new database setup is completed. Budget Limitations This should be a low budget upgrade to the company as most of the hardware  and software will not need upgrades. Hard disk drive space is fairly inexpensive to upgrade. No new equipment will need to be purchased since everything is being reconfigured. Upgrading internet speeds will need to be considered since mirroring large amounts of data across the entire network may slow the network down. No outside help will be needed as the local IT team at each location will be able to handle reconfigurations. Sponsors, Stakeholders, Project Team Structure, and Project Approach The sponsors will consist of the company’s CEO and management team who will secure the necessary resources to fund the project. A project manager will be assigned to the project. The manager is responsible for making estimates of every area of the project that includes tasks resources and timeline. The project manager is responsible for ensuring that the project stays on focus and meets the deadlines. Also, the project manager will report the progress of the project to the CEO and management team. The project team will include a technical staff person from each of the company’s locations. The technical staff will be knowledgeable of human resources technology needs. The project team also will include a technology lead person that will focus of performing an assessment of the current system. Also, the lead personnel will determine the needs of the current system, and coordinating hardware and software upgrades for their assigned human resources. The technology lead person is responsible for providing periodic updates to the project manager regarding the progress of upgrades. In order to ensure that the project meets its deliverables, each task of the project will be defined which includes the time sequence of each activity that involves testing and training. Also, resources for each task will be defined and time estimates established. The team will use the project management approach because of the amount of resources that are needed to complete the project that requires the estimates to be accurate. Conclusion This will be a fairly inexpensive project for the company since most current hardware and software will continue to be used. This project will allow the Human Resources department to work together as one unit to keep better records of employee information as well as payroll information. Human resources at the main headquarters will be able to push new information to the databases companywide at a faster and more accurate rate resulting in less confusion in employee information as well as less payroll mistakes.

Jee Bezos leadership style Essay

Jeff Bezos was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico and from an early age he showed his mechanical attitude developing intense and varied scientific interests. This is why his parents send him in a special program for gifted children where Jeff could nature his love about gadgets (Byers, 2006,). When his family moved to Florida, he discovered his ‘great passion’, computers so he left his studies on Physics and got a degree on Computer science and electrical engineering (Sherman, 2001) After his studies, Jeff Bezos started to work for Bankers Trust and at the age of 26 he became the youngest Vice President for the company (Byers, 2006).When he noticed in 1994 that internet usage was increasing by 2300% a year (Hamalainen & Saarinen, 2007) he started to plan his next step, Amazon. He started Amazon in 1995 with 3 micro stations in his garage (Robinson, 2009) by selling books and today Amazon.com is one of the most preferable internet retail platform where customers can find Dvd’s, CD’s, MP3 downloads, Books and toys. According to Economist (2000) Amazon.com is the most visited internet retail platform in USA and one on top 3 in Germany, UK, France and Japan. THE IMPACT OF AMAZON.COM Amazon.com is today the largest electronic retail on world (Financial Times, December, 2011) and according to J. Bezos (Wired Magazine, December, 2011) Amazon is a cultural pioneer who lives to disrupt even its business. It is now recognized by 55% of conscious population and it is part of our today’s culture (Spector, 2002, p20). The company spends almost 40% of their incomes on brand building (Margolis, 1999) and that’s why Amazon.com is a trustable  and a well-known brand name (Economist, 2000, Marketing, 1999). 70,000 people works today for Amazon and the company turns over 48 billion a year (The Telegraph, October, 2012). Amazon.com launched in November of 2007 Kindle E-book reader (Clark D., Goodwin S., Samuelson) and as Bezos puts it â€Å"Millions of people owns now Kindles† (Information Week, 2010). According to Gonsalves (Information Week, 2010) Amazon sells 6 Kindles titles for every 10 hard books and this strategic move increased profits up to 71%. Jeff Bezos vision about Amazon.com is to be the most customer-centric company in the world (Mellali-Johnson, 2000) and according to them the success key of the company is†¦ innovation-innovation & innovation. J.BEZOS APPROACH TO LEADING AMAZON AND HIS KEY FACTORS THAT HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO HIS PERFORMANCE. He was named â€Å"Man of the year 1999† (Time Magazine, 1999) and â€Å"Business person of the year† (Fortune Magazine, 2012). Jeff Bezos is a visionary entrepreneur leader (Dyer, Gregersen, Christensen, December, 2009). According to Moment (2004) the essential traits of an effective entrepreneur is to be singular focus, self-driven, ambitious, achievement oriented, imaginative, independent and versatile. According to Quittner (1991) â€Å"Bezos, naturally enough is unmoved by the nay saying†. He asserts some instinctive characterics from other leaders that makes him resist. Can he be described as a â€Å"Great Man/ Great leader†? As Huczyonki and Buchanan puts it (2007, p699) â€Å"Great man are born leaders and emerge to take power regardless regardless of social, organizational or historical context† Other researches on trait theories tried to specify the traits of a great leader ()and found hundreds on them but according to Kilpatrick and Locke  (1991) these are the typical leadership traits: drive to archive, motivation to lead, self-confidence, ability to withstand setbacks , honesty and integrity, standing firm, cognitive ability, knowledge of business, emotional resilient. When Bezos decided to quit from the Wall Street Job, he had a strong feeling that his new business plan for an internet based retail platform would be his chance to move his ideas one step further (Academy of achievement interview, 2001). According to Stogdill (1948, 1974) a great man is confident and he has a strong ego. A great man also has traits as honesty and integrity (Kilpatrick and Locke, 1991) and Jeff Bezos believe that one of the principal key of a leader is the courage â€Å"to tell the hard truth† (Butcher, Martin, Knaebel, M. Butcher, April, 2006) His collaborators and people that spend lots of time working with him subscribes Bezos as â€Å"immensely likable man† (Eskenazi, 2005) signs that shows us his very good social skills and they are surprised by his brainpower and the way that he inspires and lead his subordinates (NY Times, 2005) (signs of his intelligence and his motivation to lead) EXAMINE THE STYLE, APPROACH AND CONTENT OF THE LEADERSHIP DEMONSTRATED BY SPECIFIC EXAMPLES Daft (2009) subscribes Bezos as a strong charismatic and also a visionary entrepreneur leader (Dyer, Gregersen, Christensen, December, 2009). According to Sclooser and Todorovic (2006) there are communalities between entrepreneurs and charismatic leaders. Subordinates usually are attracted from the way that an entrepreneur charismatic leader shows his great passion on achieving goals, take risks, add value in the organization and how they control the business (Schlooser and Todorovic, 2006). According to Daft (2009) in organization like Amazon where growth increases and the leader (Bezos) provides his major goal for continued growth they are exited and  fully committed. Bezos has also a great ability to adapt to change and he believes that doing only things that you know they works you cannot explore other things and lose lots of opportunities (The business journals, May, 2008) Amazon.com motto is â€Å"Work hard, have fun and write history†. According to Adair (1979) in order to increase the effectiveness of the group, leaders (managers) must find ways to cover three basic needs of their subordinates, Task needs (work hard), individual needs (have fun) and Team maintance needs (write history). This approach is called Action-Centred Leadership and is part of Functional Approach where attention is focused on the content of leadership and how the group of the subordinates is affected from the leaders behaviour. Bezos is also an situational leader, when Amazon had 2,9 million dollars in loses he changed his strategy from â€Å"getting Amazon bigger and faster† to â€Å"look inside the house†(New York Times, 2005). Situational approach (Hessey and Blanchard, 1979) focuses in the situation where characterics of an effective leadership are depending on the situation. Furthermore Bezos is a transformational leader. Researchers in leadership argue that visionary and charisma are some of the characterics of a transformational leader (Mullins, 2010). A transformational leader inspires and gives vision about the next day of the organization and knows how to connect the archivements of subordinate with the organization goal (Kark andShamir, 2002). Shares are distributed for bonuses to the subordinates in order to motivate Amazon subordinates to see the big picture and to feel their participation to the organization goal. EVALUATE WHETHER JEFF BEZOS COULD HAVE BEEN AS EFFECTIVE IN A DIFFERENT CONTEXT OR ORGANIZATION, GIVING A CREDIBLE ARGUMENT FOR THIS SUPPORTED BY REFERENCED THEORY Jeff Bezos has showed he can lead Amazon.com through change via his ability  to make it the most costumer centric company in the world (Sherman, 2001). His visionary entrepreneur leadership style (Dyer, Gregersen, Christensen, December, 2009) allows the ability to fits in change (The business journals, May, 2008). His transformational leadership style (Burns, 1978) also indicates his charismatic way on leading his organization in different situations. Also, Jeff Bezos and Amazon made their move launching the new Kindle Fire HD tablets (Spencer, 2012). Kindle Fire Hd is now one of the most hi tech tablet gadgets in the world and Apple’s IPad finally found a real competitor. According to Spencer (2012) Bezos and Amazon are planning another big surprise for their competitors: The new Kindle phone. These shows us that Bezos remains a real leader when the context of the company changes. Jeffrey Bezos is an entrepreneur and like the others entrepreneurs he is known by starting his own business so it is unknown his ability to lead an established organization. It can be said that he could feel not comfortable leading companies that are out of his ‘area’ (computing & internet) but he also founded †Blue Origin† a human spaceflight company (Boyle, 2006). According to these transferable skills and his traits (charisma, creativity, energy-drive, strong ego, honesty and integrity, social sills) he could lead different context companies in different situations. CONCLUSION We have discovered that Jeff Bezos is a strong visionary and charismatic entrepreneur leader with traits of a great man. He is also a situational and transformational leader with a great ability to inspire his suborders who really admires his brainpower and his way of doing the right things. He can adapt to change and his transferable skills make him able to lead different organization by his own way. Kark R, Shamir B (2002) The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers. In: Avolio BJ, Yammarino FJ (eds) _Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead_. Amsterdam: JAI Press,67-91.a

Entrepreneurial Leadership Essays

Entrepreneurial Leadership Essays Entrepreneurial Leadership Essay Entrepreneurial Leadership Essay Entrepreneurial leadership helps develop and sustain elements of the organizational culture. Bergstrom (2004) interpreted that entrepreneurial leadership has three dimensions: 1) take more risk; 2) favor change to obtain the advantage; and 3) compete aggressively. We will discuss the common elements of different theories and philosophies as it relates to the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership. I will discuss my leadership style that I aspire to be, and compare it to dimensions of other leadership styles. Entrepreneurs have a wealth of knowledge at their finger tips using tools and resources available through the Small Business Administration (SBA) and the website SCORE. We will explore and compile useful information that can be obtained from the SBA that entrepreneurs and new business owners can use to gain an advantage on start up. I will describe my personal principles of leadership and explain why I believe in them. Entrepreneurial Leadership Discuss the common elements described in the theories/philosophies of Case, Kouzes, and Drucker including how their principles/strategies relate to the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership. Entrepreneurial leadership is a complex style of leading. Individuals who practice this style are generally; driven, risk taker, aggressive and can recognize when change will give the advantage. Peter Drucker (1985) discusses several strategies of entrepreneurs, but â€Å"Fustest With the Mostest† is one that looks to the future. Entrepreneurs are looking to the future of creating a new market or industry with their innovation. James Kouzes (2008) highlights his five practices of exemplary leadership. One of the five practices, â€Å"Inspire a Shared Vision† is leaders envision the future and create an ideal image of what the organization can become. Steve Case (2009) spoke at George Mason University commencement ceremony about his leadership philosophies of people, passion and perseverance. Case’s â€Å"Perseverance† is looking at what the company was going to do in the future not immediate gratification. The common element of all three of these theories/philosophies is look to the future. Immediate gratification will not suffice for the long term goals. Searching for common elements in the theories/philosophies of; Drucker, Kouzes and Case, I have identified yet another. Drucker’s â€Å"Creative Imitation† entrepreneurs improve a product or market already done. Kouzes’ â€Å"Challenge the process† leaders look for the challenge and ways to improve the process. Case’s â€Å"Passion† focuses on what you are passionate about and keep improving it. The common element is looking for ways to improve. Leaders are never satisfied with just achieving the goal. Once it’s achieved another goal is set. Leaders never stop wanting the best for themselves and the organization. The above mentioned theories/philosophies relate to the new definition of entrepreneurial leadership in that leaders help develop and sustain elements of the organizational culture. They have the ability to recognize opportunities and understand resources and capabilities. The related elements help develop the leaders, as well as, contribute to the success of the business. Discuss your leadership style or the style you aspire to be and how it compares to transactional, transformation, visionary, charismatic, principled, and entrepreneurial leadership. I have a vision of my leadership containing values, harmony, integrity, ethics and inspiration. I hold a high level of respect for my peers and subordinates. I expect my subordinates to do the same. I like to motivate and encourage as well as challenge the mind. I look for big opportunities and very well equipped employees. My leadership style compares more to principled leadership. I’m moral and ethical with high integrity. I do have characteristic of the other leadership styles. Charismatic with vision and articulation, transformational with enthusiasm and energy, transactional with clear chain of command, entrepreneurial with opportunities, and visionary with seeing the big picture. To sum it up, I am a transactional transformed visionary with charismatic principles who likes to lead. Discuss how you would use resources and tools available through the Small Business Administration and SCORE. A wealth of knowledge is compiled in one location for the small business entrepreneurial. The Small Business Administration website offers the Small Business Training Network (SBTN) which is a virtual campus offering online courses, publication and other forms of technical support. Gaining as much knowledge about running a business will give you that more of an advantage in a down economy. I would use the business planning and business management on the virtual campus. This would educate me on preparing a business plan and finding out how to strategically plan for the future of my business. Also on the SBA website they have a course on the SBTN on Finance and Accounting. This course will explain SBA financing and funding for the small business, it will walk you through filling out the loan packet, and it will introduce you to accounting. One of the most important aspects of running a business is the bookkeeping. Every business owner should know how to record income and expenses. I then went to the SCORE website, they have a template gallery for free downloads. I could down load a start up business plan, 12-month cash flow spreadsheet and a 12-month sales forecast spreadsheet. SCORE also provides podcasts for marketing and estimating expenses. There is an enormous amount of education and business prep materials for the small business entrepreneurial at a key stroke. Describe your personal principles of leadership and your rationale for selecting them. My personal principles of leadership include responsibility and honesty. I have to take responsibility for my actions and be honest with the outcome. As the old saying goes, â€Å"the truth can hurt†, and sometimes it can, but as a professional I have to learn to deal with it. I much rather be told the truth than lied to. I would also have to include Self-discipline and integrity as part of my personal principles of leadership. Self-discipline and integrity holds me accountable to myself, the organization, peers and subordinates. You have to be honest to yourself and hold yourself to a higher standard before you can do that for and to others. I have a set of core values that keep me driven and committed to anything I do. References Bergstrom, A. (2004). Synopsis of Entrepreneurial Leadership: Developing and Measuring a Cross-Cultural Construct. Leadership Review, Vol. 4, 103-104. Drucker, P. (1985). Entrepreneurial Strategies. California Management Review, Vol XXVII, No. 2. 9-25. Kouzes, J. (2008). Rising to the Leadership Challenge. Podcast #:08-27. Case, S. (2009). 2009 George Mason University Commencement Speech: People, Passion and Perseverance. casefoundation. org/blog/steve-case-george-mason-university-commencement-speech

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 39

Personal statement - Essay Example An MSc in management would help me get a job and possibly good remuneration. I believe that the knowledge and skills I will acquire from Merrick College will help me be in a better position to get more career opportunities. In addition, acquiring an MSc resonates with one of my values, which is to give others and myself the opportunity to develop. I trust that my decision to study at your esteemed institution is one of the best decisions I have made in life. This is because of the best practices as well as reputation in the course and the entire organization. The university offers courses like Management Planning and Control, Business Intelligence and statistical analysis and many more. Moreover, I am interested in MSc management because it will give an opportunity to understand more the management function. I am extremely good at international management, decision making as well as global marketing. Therefore, this course will help me get the bigger picture of international management. There are specific aspects that I am interested in while undertaking the MSc program. One of them being writing a good business proposal as this will help me face future clients with confidence, as I will be able to convince clients through my well-drafted business proposal. In addition, the incorporation of group work in the learning process will help me gain more confidence as participation is important. Moreover, the interactions during discussions will enhance my learning as students learn from one another. My professional network will grow therefore giving me an opportunity to find work in better organizations. My undergraduate program has given me adequate skills necessary for master’s program. I am a committed member in various clubs including the management and leadership club that have grown my leadership skills. I am planning to work as I pursue my masters’ course and this will help me get experience in management. I have both long and long

Article about Walmart by using Prahalad&Hamel1990 materials and Assignment - 1

Article about Walmart by using Prahalad&Hamel1990 materials and stratigies - Assignment Example Its low-cost merchandise and services include groceries section. It offers health and wellness services. It has an e-commerce section and offers diverse financial services. It offers entertainment services. Besides, it offers hardliners. Wal-Mart has an apparel section at its stores. It also has home furnishings and housewares. It operates mobile commerce applications used by its customers. With the current advancement in technology, the company has incorporated the latest techniques in business such as the E-commerce services to promote its growth. Wal-Mart Company is anticipating significant growth in its subsidiaries locally and globally stretching its customer’s base. The advancement of the social media network exposes the company to extensive online order placement increasing its annual growth rate to ii percent. The company would like to maintain and increase the rate of reputation it enjoys now and in future as a giant retail corporation internationally. Products sold are environmental friendly and affordable to customers at Wal-Mart as compared to other retailers. Goods sold at Wal-Mart are safe for consumption since they pass quality control department within country. Customers at Wal-Mart pride in the exceptional service offered to them at the shop. The low prices of products and services at Wal-Mart attract customers. Centralization and decentralization chronologically analyses the company management organizational structure. Wal-mart performs the top-down management procedure having its big headquarters in Arkansas all the subsidiaries are managed from a central point. Wal-Mart’s central management deals with supervision and the delegation of duties to junior employees at their international outlets. The company’s corporate culture and the management structure are centralized including procurement and supply chain services. Its top-down management strategy enhances the delivery of orders to employees and the suppliers to maintain the